Emotion

Emotions are our body’s adaptive response. Where do emotions come from? Why do we have them? What are they made of? psychologytoday.com

Theories of Emotion Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience. OBJECTIVE 1| Identify three components of emotions, and contrast James-Lange, Canon-Bard and two factor theories of emotion. wwise.com

Controversy Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)? playerzblog.com

Emotions

Commonsense View When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity. hubpages.com

James-Lange Theory William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience. Based on our autonomic nervous system

James-Lange Theory Event ==> arousal ==> interpretation ==> emotion The bodily sensation prepares us for action, as in the Fight-or-Flight reaction. I see a bear. My muscles tense, my heart races. I feel afraid.

Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously. 1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to trigger sudden emotions.

Event ==> Simultaneous arousal and emotion Cannon-Bard Theory Event ==> Simultaneous arousal and emotion I see a bear. I feel afraid. I tense in readiness to run away.

Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time. Physiological change (heart rate, breathing) Cognitive awareness

Two-Factor Theory Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label. Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought) Includes cognitive appraisal

Event ==> arousal ==> reasoning ==> emotion Two-Factor Theory Event ==> arousal ==> reasoning ==> emotion I see a bear. My muscles tense, my heart races. The bear will eat me. I feel afraid.

If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

Embodied Emotion Emotions and The Autonomic Nervous System Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions

Embodied Emotion We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain). sodahead.com

Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us. OBJECTIVE 2| Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system during emotional arousal.

Arousal and Performance Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty. OBJECTIVE 3| Discuss the relationship between arousal and performance.

Physiological Similarities Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar. OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal. whimseyjenny32.wordpress.com Excitement and fear involve a similar physiological arousal.

Emotion Embodied Emotion Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection Cognition And Emotion Expressed Emotion Nonverbal Communication Detecting and Computing Emotion

Physiological Differences Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions. The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

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Cognition and Emotion What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)? Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking? personalitypathways.com

Cognition Can Define Emotion An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how spillover effect influences our experience of emotion. AP Photo/ Nati Harnik Reuters/ Corbis Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion A subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003). OBJECTIVE 7| Distinguish the two alternate pathways that sensory stimuli may travel when triggering an emotional response. Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.

Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004). Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth College, www.whalenlab.info

Two Routes to Emotion Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.

Emotion Expressed Emotion Culture and Emotional Expression The Effects of Facial Expression Experienced Emotion Fear Anger Happiness

Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal? projects-abroad.org trekearth.com

Nonverbal Communication Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000). OBJECTIVE 8| Describe some of the factors that affect our ability to decipher non-verbal cues.

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men. OBJECTIVE 9| Describe some gender differences in perceiving and communicating emotions.

Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion. Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989). OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival. Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

Detecting Emotion

Emotions are Adaptive Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Analyzing Emotion Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, Shame, and guilt. Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from injury and harm. indiwo.in.com

Learning Fear We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning and/or through observation. OBJECTIVE 14| State two ways we learn our fears. weirdworm.com

The Biology of Fear Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations. OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss some of the biological components of fear. Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim

Anger Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19 B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234-149 B.C.). OBJECTIVE 16| Identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of openly expressing anger, and assess the catharsis hypothesis. sodahead.com

Causes of Anger People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains. cherylsuchors.com

Catharsis Hypothesis Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.” moodraiser.com Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

Cultural & Gender Differences Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music. Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims. The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior.

Expressing Anger

People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives. OBJECTIVE 17| Describe how the feel-good do-good phenomenon works, and discuss the importance of research on subjective well-being. invigorate.com.au

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon When we feel happy we are more willing to help others. flickr.com

Subjective Well-Being Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise. executivehealthwealth.com

Emotional Ups and Downs Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day. OBJECTIVE 18| Discuss some of the daily and longer-term variations in the duration of emotions.

Emotional Ups and Downs Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring individuals emotionally down, most people adapt. dcpages.com

Wealth and Well-being In affluent societies, people with more money are happier than people who struggle for their basic needs. People in rich countries are happier than people in poor countries. A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people happy. However, people who live in poverty or in slums are also satisfied with their life.

Does Money Buy Happiness? Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

Happiness & Prior Experience Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like the adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has a short half-life” (Ryan, 1999). OBJECTIVE 20| Contrast the effects on happiness of the adaptation-level and the relative-deprivation principles.

Happiness & Others’ Attainments Happiness is not only relative to our past, but also to our comparisons with others. Relative Deprivation is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with. sodahead.com

Predictors of Happiness Why are some people generally more happy than others? OBJECTIVE 21| Summarize the ways that we can influence our own levels of happiness.

Detecting Lies

Detecting Lies