Chapter 9 Group 4

Section 1-Growth of Royal Power in England and France I. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Nobles and the Church had as much-or more-power as the monarch. Both Nobles and the Church had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies. Monarchs used various means to centralize power. They expanded the royal domain and set up a system of royal justice that undermined feudal or Church courts.

II. Strong Monarchs in England During the early Middle Ages, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England, Although feudalism developed, English rulers generally kept their kingdoms united.

III. Evolving Traditions of English Government Most battles developed as a result of efforts by the monarch to raise taxes or to impose royal authority over traditional feudal rights. Out of those struggles evolved traditions of government that would influence the modern world.

IV. Successful Monarchs in France Unlike William the Conqueror in England, monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. The Capetians- In 987, these feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, to fill the vacant throne. Philip Augustus- An outstanding French king of this period was Philip II, often called Philip Augustus. Louis IX, King and Saint- Perhaps the most admired French ruler of this time was Louis IX. Louis was ascended in the throne in 1226.

Section 2 – The Holy Roman Empire and the Church 936 Duke Otto of Saxony took the title King of Germany He worked closely with the Church and was crowned emperor by a pope His successors took the title Holy Roman emperor , holy because they were crowned be a pope and Roman because they believed that their ancestors were the Roman emperors - They had claimed authority over much of eastern and central Europe and parts of France and Italy - Their challenge was to control their vassals – hundreds of nobles and Church officials - Another problem was that they had a conflict with the popes over the appointment of Church officials Duke Otto I of Saxony

Conflict Between Popes and Bishops Pope Gregory VII - determined to make the Church independent of secular rulers - banned lay investiture – the creation of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy B. Emperor Henry IV - argued that since he was overlord, that he should be entitled to give the people the symbols of office C. The Struggle Intensifies - Gregory excommunicated Henry and crowned a new emperor - Henry appeared to Gregory as a repentant sinner and Gregory had no choice but to forgive him as a priest - Henry took revenge and exiled the pope D. Concordat of Worms - Treaty that in which both sides agreed that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority and the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs

The Struggle for Italy Frederick Barbarossa - Tried to take wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control - However, he succeed in arranging a marriage between his son, Henry, and Constance, heiress on Sicily and southern Italy Frederick II - son of Henry and Constance, he pursued his ambitions in Italy - tried but failed to subdue the cities of northern Italy Effects on Germany and Italy - German nobles became more independent because Frederick II spent little time in Germany and was embroiled in Italy - The Holy Roman Empire survived, but it remained fragmented into many feudal states - In southern Italy and Sicily, the popes turned to the French to overthrow Frederick’s heirs

The Height of the Church Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other rulers Innocent excommunicated a king and placed his kingdom under interdict He did the same to Philip II as he tried unlawfully to annul – invalidate – his marriage Innocent launched a crusade – a holy war – against the Albigensians

Europeans Look Outward Section 3 Europeans Look Outward

The World in 1050 During Europe’s middle ages, Islam had given rise to a brilliant new civilization that stretched from Spain to India. The Chinese made amazing advances in technology, inventing paper, printing, and gun powder. The Crusades At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban incited boshops and nobles to action. Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal the schism, or split, between the roman and Byzantine

Effects of the Crusades on Europe Only the first crusade came close to achieving its goals. Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099. The crusades continued, on and off, for over 200 yrs. 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the able Muslim leader Salah-Din. 3rd crusade Europeans tried but failed to retake Jerusalem. 1291, they captured the last Christian outpost, the port city of Acre. Effects of the Crusades on Europe The crusade left behind a bitter legacy of religious hatred behind them.

The Reconquista in Spain Ferdinand and Isabella Though the Crusades failed to conquer the Holy Land, they did have significant effects on life in Europe. Economic Expansion The crusades increased trade. It furthered encouraged the growth of a money economy. The Reconquista in Spain Ferdinand and Isabella Isabella and Ferdinand tried to impose unity on their diverse people. Isabella ended the policy of religious toleration that is a policy of allowing people to worship as they choose.

Learning, Literature, and the Arts Section 4 Learning, Literature, and the Arts

Medieval Universities Academic Guilds - Students could travel from university to university, -Cathedrals evolved into Universities studying Law in Bologna, Medicine in Montpellier, or Theology/Religion In Paris. Student Life. -Students would wake up at 5am for prayers. Then has classes Until 10am. -Classes were held in either rented rooms or the choir loft. - Students would take an oral exam to show they mastered A subject; Earning a bachelors degree took between 3 and 6 Years. Woman and Education -Woman weren’t aloud to attend universities.

Europeans Acquire “New” Learning Spread of Learning -Muslims founded Arabic language. Philosophy -Used ‘Scholasticism’ to support Christian beliefs. -Conflict between faith and reason. Science and Mathematics -Did not make it far in Medieval Ages because most People stilled believed that all science had a church Reason.

Medieval Literature Heroic Epics -Chansons de geste -Song of Roland -Poem of the Child Dante’s Divine Comedy -Written by an Italian Poet named Dante Alighieri -About souls awaiting forgiveness -Believes that peoples actions determine there fate After death. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales -Geoffrey Chaucer follows a band of Pilgrims traveling To Thomas Becket’s tomb.

Architecture and Art Romanesque Strength -Looked like fortresses with thick walls and And towers. -Dark and gloomy. -Walls were extremely thick and heavy. Gothic Grace -Used flying buttresses. -Higher walls with huge stain windows. Art in Stone and Glass -Portrayed scenes from the bible in the inside And outside of the church. -Also images like animals and plants. -The stain glass and carvings served as a religious Education for the people, most of whom were illiterate. Illuminated Manuscripts -The artistic decoration of books. -Monks, nuns, and other skilled artisans had illuminated Books. -Characteristics of the new Gothic style of churches included bold, Brilliant colors and decorative detail.

Ch.9; Section 4 /Vocab. Scholasticism- Used reason to support Christian Beliefs. Vernacular- Everyday languages of ordinary people. Epics- Long narrative poems about tales of common people or feudal warriors. Flying Buttresses- Stone supports that stood outside the Gothic church. Illumination- The artistic decoration of books.

1.The sickness was bubonic plague, a disease spread by fleas on rats. Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis The Black Death Global Epidemic 1.The sickness was bubonic plague, a disease spread by fleas on rats. 2.Mongol armies conquered much of Asia, probably setting off the new epidemic. 3.Epidemic was an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease. 4.In premodern world, rats infested ships, towns, and even the homes of the rich and powerful. Social Upheaval 1.The plague brought terror and bewilderment so some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures. 2.They beat themselves with whips to show that they repented their sins. 3.Christians blamed Jews for the plague. 4. In the resulting hysteria, thousands of Jews were slaughtered. Economic Effects 1.As the cost of labor soared, inflation, or rising prices, broke out too. 2.Landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit wages 3.To stop costs, landowners converted croplands to sheep raising. 4.Villagers forced off the land in towns. a. guilds limited apprenticeships b. they refused to accept new members

Divisions within the Catholic Church Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis Upheaval in the Church Divisions within the Catholic Church 1. Church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this time. 2. Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon and it remained for 70 yrs under French domination. 3. This period is often called the Babylonian captivity of the Church. 4. There was a schism or split in the Churches as two and sometimes even 3 popes claimed to be the true “vicar of Christ”. B. New Heresies 1. In England, John Wycliffe an Oxford professor attached Church corruption.   a. he believed that the bible, not the Church was the source of all Christian truth. b. his followers translate the bible to English so people could read it themselves, rather than the clergy. 2. Church responded by persecuting Wycliffe and his followers and suppressing the Hussites. 3. Hus was tried for preaching heresy. a. he was found guilty and he was burned at the stake in 1415. III. The Hundred Years’ War A. Causes 1. English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands of their Norman ancestors.

Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis The Hundred Years’ War Causes 2. Fighting started economic rivalry and a growing sense of national pride made it hard for either side to give up the struggle. 3. When Edward III of England claimed the French crown in 1337, war erupted a new between these rival powers. B. English Victories 1. English won a string of victories. 2. They owed much of their success to longbow wielded by English archers. 3. English victories took a heavy toll on French morale. It brought France under its control.

Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis The Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc and French Victory 1. A 17 yr old peasant woman, Joan of Arc, appeared at the court of Charles VII, the uncrowned king of France. a. told Charles that God had sent her to save France. b. she led the French to several victories and planted the seeds for future triumphs. Effects 1. The Hundred Year War created growing sense of national feeling in France and allowed French kings to expand their power. 2. The longbow and cannon gave common soldiers a new importance on the battlefield and undermined the value of armored knights. 3. Feudal society was changing. 4. Monarchs needed large armies to fight wars.

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