Plants water and mineral movement Vessel Member Description: dead plant cells One huge tube for water transport Tracheid Description: dead plant cells Separate tubes for separate directly traveling water More water can travel in more places

Movement of water in plants Process Explanation/details 1. Water moves down concentration gradients Water moves through osmosis from an area of higher to lower concentration. 2. Water lost by transpiration is replaced by water from vessels Water goes from a high water potential to area of lower water potential. (analogy: straw) 3. Vessel water column is maintained due to cohesion and adhesion Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity. 4. Tension occurs in the columns of water in the xylem A lot of water retained in xylem. Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity. 5. Water is pulled from the root cortex into xylem cells This is caused by capillary action – this is when something is transport throughout the system through concentration difference. 6. Water is pulled from the soil into the roots

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Reproduction in Angiosperms Flower Part Function Sepals Support the petals and the rest of the flower petals Attract pollinators by having pretty colours and scents anther Pollen is produced and located here filament Attaches the anther to the rest of the plant, makes pollen available to pollinator stigma The top of the pistil, where the pollen enters Style Holds up the pistil, path pollen takes to ovary Ovary Where the “eggs” are, where fertilization takes place to form a zygote.

Reproduction in Angiosperms Pollination Fertilization When pollen is carried to plant by pollinators Gametophyte generation: haploid Methods of Pollination: wind, water, pollinators (insects, animals), artificial pollination Types of Pollination: CROSS POLLINATION: across two different plants – creates genetic diversity of plants. SELF POLLINATION: within the same plant, No variation, increases harmful mutations, continuation of a specific species. Sporophyte generation: diploids Steps: after pollen is caught by the stigma, it goes down the pollen tube within the style, into the ovules. The haploid cells of pollen fertilize the ovule haploids to produce a zygote.

Reproduction in Angiosperms Seed Part Function testa Protect the embryo cotyledons Food for the embryo Micropyle Attaches the embryo to food source, where the pollen once entered Embryo root/shoot/radicle The actual plant growth hilum micropyle

Reproduction in Angiosperms Conditions for Seed germination 1. Warm temperatures: allows chemical reactions in seed to occur to start growth. Optimal temperature needed – too hot will denature proteins, too cold will slow down progress. 2. Moisture: not provided by the cotyledon, softens testa to allow embryo to grow hilum micropyle

Reproduction in Angiosperms Plant Type Flowering and light Examples Long Day plants Bloom when days are longests and nights are shortest Radishes, spinach, and lettuce Short Day Plants Bloom in spring, late summer, and autum when days are shorter Poinsettias, chrysantheumums, and asters Day-neutral plants Flower without regard to day length Roses, dandilions and tomatoes

Reproduction in Angiosperms 660 nm red light Growth Response (promoted or inhibited) Pr Rapid reaction Pfr 730 nm red light Pfr reverts to Pr in the dark very slowly