ROOTS 26.2

Function Anchor Absorb – H2O and minerals are “pulled” up through transpiration (H20 evaporates from leaves and pulls water from roots in the process)

GENERAL TYPES Fibrous Tap

ADAPTATIONS Adventitious Aerial prop Air Storage

REGIONS OF DEVELOPMENT Region of Cell Division – “Apical Meristem” Region of cell division Root Cap

REGIONS OF DEVELOPMENT… Region of Elongation – gives length to root Region of Elongation Region of Cell Division

REGIONS OF DEVELOPMENT… Region of Maturation Region of Cell Maturation – differentiate into specialized tissues – “Primary Root Stucture) Region of Elongation Region of Cell Division

Primary Root Structure 1st tissue to develop from Region of Maturation Epidermis- outermost, absorbs, protects, root hairs derived from here Cortex – storage, controls flow of water

Primary Root Structure… Epidermis Pericycle Vascular Cylinder Pericycle – 2ndary growth from here Xylem – carries water Phloem – carries sugar Xylem Phloem Cortex

Secondary Growth Root hairs Lateral roots

Types of Root Growth Primary – growth in length Secondary – growth in diameter

Arrangement of Vascular tissue Flowering plants are divided into two groups based on structural differences Monocots Dicots

Monocot Root Tissue Arrangement

Dicot Root Arrangement

STEMS 23.3

FUNCTION Support Conduct water and food Storage photosynthesis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6f2BiFiXiM&feature=related

STRUCTURE Epidermis Cambium – mitotic; makes new xylem and phloem Pith, Cortex – storage Bark – dead cells,protects from water loss Vascular tissue – xylem and phloem

Epidermis Cortex Xylem Cambium Phloem Pith

Arrangement of Vascular Tissue Monocot – Vascular tissue is scattered bundles Dicots – Vascular tissue is arranged in a ring patterm

dicot monocot

Stem Growth Meristem - located on tips (growth in height - primary) and on sides (growth of branches - secondary) Cambium – growth in diameter – secondary; forms tree rings.

Types of Stems Woody Dead xylem cells form wood; adds strength Grow in width each year Vascular tissue arranged in rings Bark protects Perennial – grow more than one season

Type of Stem… Herbaceous Soft, fleshy Usually green; no bark Not much secondary growth (width) Vascular tissue is scattered. Annuals – only grow one season

Stem Adaptations Stolons/rhizomes – runners; cause vegetative propagation Tubers – underground stems; storage; potato Bulbs/corms – underground stems with fleshy leaves; onions, tulips, garlic

LEAVES 23.4

Function Photosynthesis Transpiration – pulling water up from the roots and out the leaves

Structure Epidermis Upper – covered by cuticle Lower – contains stoma with guard cells

Palisade layer – many chloroplasts Mesophyll – many air spaces Cont. Palisade layer – many chloroplasts Mesophyll – many air spaces Vascular bundle – “veins”

Epidermis with cuticle VEIN Epidermis with cuticle PalisadeLayer Mesophyll Stomata

External Structures Petiole – structure that attached leaf to stem Blade – thin, flat area of leaf; different sizes, shapes & arrangement Mid rib – main vein Leaf margin – edge of leaf

Venation in Monocots and Dicots Monocots – parallel leaf venation Dicots – netted venation

Pop Quiz

Adaptations in leaves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwo&feature=fvsr

Flowers, Fruits & Seeds Ch. 24

Angiosperms reproduce using flowers.

Flowering Plants have: Monocot Dicot 3 3 4 2 4 2 5 1 5 1 6 6 8 7 Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5 Flowers 6

Flowers Composed of modified leaves Sepals – usually green; enclose bud Petals – brightly colored; just inside sepals Stamen – male reproductive organ Filament - stalk Anther – produces pollen (male gamete) Carpel (pistil) – female reproductive organ Stigma- sticky; pollen attaches here Style – narrow stalk Ovary – contains ovules

Anther filament

Parts of a Typical Flower Stamen Anther Filament Male part of flower Parts of a Typical Flower

(Sounds like “Pigtail”) Stigma Pistil Style Female part of flower (Sounds like “Pigtail”) Ovary Parts of a Typical Flower

Plant Reproduction Stems Roots Plantlets Plants can reproduce asexually by vegetative propagation. Stems Roots Plantlets Stems, plantlets and roots can become a new plant.

Plants can reproduce asexually by Plant Reproduction Plants can reproduce asexually by plant propagation. Cuttings Grafting & Budding A “cut” from a plant can grow roots when put in soil. Two plants are attached to form one plant.

Angiosperm Life Cycle Pollination – transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of carpel Often dependent on pollinators Pollen grows a tube through which sperm nuclei travel Fertilization – sperm nuclei fuse with ovule inside produce a seed Ovary ripens into a fruit

Fruits – ripened ovary ; type determined by structure of ovary and ovules Dry Nuts Fleshy Drupes - apple Pomes - peach Berries Hesperidium - orange Pepo - cucumber Aggregate - raspberry

Seed Dispersal Animal Wind Water

Seed Germination Timing controlled by climate (moisture, temperature, etc.) Endosperm (food source) swells with moisture and cracks open seed coat Root emerges first Cotyledons emerge second Monocot – one seed leaf Dicot – two seed leaves

Plant Growth Controlled by hormones (auxins) Cause “tropisms” Gravitropism Thigmotropism phototropism