Table of Contents Chapter Preview 10.1 The Plant Kingdom 10.2 Plants Without Seeds 10.3 The Characteristics of Seed Plants 10.4 Roots, Stems, and Leaves 10.5 Reproduction in Seed Plants 10.1 The Plant Kingdom 10.2 Plants Without Seeds 10.3 The Characteristics of Seed Plants 10.4 Roots, Stems, and Leaves 10.5 Reproduction in Seed Plants

Chapter 10 Preview Questions 1. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis? a. water and oxygen b. sugar and oxygen c. sugar and carbon dioxide d. water and carbon dioxide

Chapter 10 Preview Questions 1. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis? a. water and oxygen b. sugar and oxygen c. sugar and carbon dioxide d. water and carbon dioxide CO2

Chapter 10 Preview Questions 2. What are the products of photosynthesis? a. water and oxygen b. sugar and oxygen c. sugar and carbon dioxide d. water and carbon dioxide

Chapter 10 Preview Questions 2. What are the products of photosynthesis? a. water and oxygen b. sugar and oxygen c. sugar and carbon dioxide d. water and carbon dioxide O2

Chapter `10 Preview Questions 3. Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? a. chloroplasts b. chromosomes c. nucleus d. ribosomes

Chapter 10 Preview Questions 3. Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? a. chloroplasts b. chromosomes c. nucleus d. ribosomes

Chapter 10 Preview Questions 4. What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? a. oxygen b. sugar c. sunlight d. plant food

Chapter 10 Preview Questions 4. What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? a. oxygen b. sugar c. sunlight d. plant food

How does the structure of a plant allow it to grow and reproduce? Suppose you were to put a healthy, growing plant into a completely dark room for two weeks. How would this affect the growth of the plant? Explain your answer.

High-Use Academic Words Definition Example Sentence Plant stems consist of several kinds of cells. consist v. To be formed or made of

High-Use Academic Words Definition Example Sentence California has a diverse population, including people from many different countries. diverse adj. Different, varied

High-Use Academic Words Definition Example Sentence The survival of the accident victim depends on quick medical attention. n. The act of staying alive or existing survival

High-Use Academic Words Definition Example Sentence v. To carry from one place to another Trucks transport products from factories to stores. transport

Apply It! Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. For their __________, plants need water and sunlight. survival 2. A plant needs to __________ materials from one part of its body to another. transport 3. The structure of many plants __________ of leaves, stems, and roots. consists

End of Chapter Preview

Section 10.1: The Plant Kingdom What characteristics do all plants share? What do plants need to live successfully on land? How do nonvascular plants and vascular plants differ? What are the different stages of a plant’s lfe cycle?

What Is a Plant? CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS: ARE AUTOTROPHS HAVE CELL WALLS PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD ALL ARE EUKARYOTES CONTAIN MANY CELLS

PLANTS ARE AUTOTROPHS THEY MAKE FOOD BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS THEIR CELLS CONTAIN CHLOROPLASTS CHLOROPLASTS CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL

Plant Body Structure The body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Plant Body Structure The body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

PLANTS ARE MULTICELLULAR The body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Plant Body Structure The body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Plant Body Structure The body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Water Loss in Plants The graph shows how much water a certain plant loses during the hours shown.

Water Loss in Plants Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted along each axis? Horizontal axis–time of day; vertical axis–water loss.

Water Loss in Plants Interpreting Data: According to the graph, during what part of the day did the plant lose the most water? The least water? Most–midday; least–in the evening.

Water Loss in Plants Drawing Conclusions: What could account for the pattern of water loss shown? The plant seemed to lose the most water during the sunniest or warmest parts of the day.

Water Loss in Plants Predicting: How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning. The line graph would descend during the night and then rise again in the morning hours, because the water loss is less during the night when there is no sun.

Section 10.2: Plants Without Seeds What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share? What characteristics do the three groups of seedless vascular plants share?

Mosses A moss gametophyte is low-growing and has structures that look like roots, stems, and leaves. The stalklike sporophyte generation remains attached to the gametophyte.

MOSS HORNWORTS AND LIVERWORTS LOW GROWING IN MOIST AREAS NO XYLEM (WATER) OR PHLOEM (FOOD) TISSUE ABSORB WATER FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails share two characteristics. They have true vascular tissue and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.

Ferns Most ferns have underground stems (rhizoids) in addition to roots. The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.

Ferns reproduce with spores

Ferns Complex Life Cycles Ferns have complex life cycles that include two different stages: the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.

HORSETAILS VASCULAR PLANTS 30 SPECIES   VASCULAR PLANTS 30 SPECIES SCOURING RUSHES IN COLONIAL TIMES SMALL LEAVES LONG TALL HOLLOW STEMS

CLUB MOSSES…….PRINCESS PINES SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS. ALSO CALLED GROUND PINE OR PRINCESS PINE LOOKS LIKE A SMALL BRANCH OF A PINE TREE.

Section 10.3: The Characteristics of Seed Plants What characteristics do seed plants share? How do seeds become new plants?

What Is a Seed Plant? The stems of vascular plants contain bundles of phloem and xylem. In addition, thick cell walls and vascular tissue help support the plant.

PARTS OF A SEED AN EMBRYO (THE BABY PLANT). SEED COAT (SKIN OF SEED). COTYLEDONS (STORED FOOD FOR BABY PLANT).

HITCHING A RIDE WATER (COCONUTS) WIND ANIMALS SEED DISPERSAL

How Seeds Become New Plants A seed has three main parts–an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow.

GERMINATION BEGINS WHEN THE SEED ABSORBS WATER FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND STARTS TO SPROUT AND GROW

Section 10.4: Roots, Stems, and Leaves What are the main function of roots, stems, and leaves?

Root Structure A root’s structure is adapted for absorbing water and minerals from the soil.

Stems The stem produces branches, leaves, and flowers. It carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves, and provides support for the plant.

Stems Trees have woody stems. A typical woody stem is made up of many layers. The layers of xylem form annual rings that can reveal the age of the tree and the growing conditions it has experienced.

Leaves UPPER AND LOWER LAYERS =EPIDERMIS IN MIDDLE OF LEAF VEINS OF XYLEM AND PHLOEM PORES ON UNDERSIDE OF LEAF= STOMATA . Leaves

Section 10.5: Reproduction in Seed Plants What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how do they reproduce? What are the characteristics of angiosperms? How do angiosperms reproduce? What are the two types of angiosperms?

GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS  

GYMNOSPERMS HAVE NAKED SEEDS NOT ENCLOSED IN A PROTECTIVE FRUIT NEEDLE-LIKE LEAVES DEEP ROOTS OLDEST OF THE SEED PLANTS (360 MILLION YEARS) CYCADS-PALM TREES WITH CONES. GINKGOS (Ginkgo biloba). GNETOPHYTES GROW IN VERY DRY DESERTS OF AFRICA CONIFERS- OUR PINE TREES: CEDARS, HEMLOCK, REDWOODS, JUNIPERS, and PINE.

Reproduction in Gymnosperms First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. In time, a sperm cell and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone. After fertilization occurs, the seed develops on the scale of the female cone.

The Structure of Flowers Flowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors. But, despite their differences, all flowers have the same function–reproduction.

Reproduction in Angiosperms First, pollen falls on a flower’s stigma. In time, the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flower’s ovule. The zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed.

Types of Angiosperms Angiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and dicots.

Multiples Is a flower with 6 petals a monocot? To answer this question you need to determine if 6 is a multiple of 3. A number is a multiple of 3 if there is a nonzero whole number that, when multiplied by 3, gives you that number. In this case, 6 is a multiple of 3 because you can multiply 2 (a nonzero whole number) by 3 to get 6. 2 x 3 = 6 Therefore, a flower with 6 petals is a monocot. Other multiples of 3 include 9 and 12.

Multiples Practice Problem Which of these numbers are multiples of 4? 6, 10, 12, 16 12 and 16