TCM010 – Unit 1March 19, 2013 Mary D. Naylor, PhD, RN, FAAN Marian S. Ware Professor in Gerontology Director, NewCourtland Center for Transitions and Health University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing

 Older Adults  Family Caregivers  Health Care Clinicians  Society

time limited complement primary at risk Range of time limited services and environments that complement primary care and are designed to ensure health care continuity and avoid preventable poor outcomes among at risk populations as they move from one level of care to another, among multiple providers and across settings.

 High rates of medical errors  Serious unmet needs  Poor satisfaction with care  High rates of preventable readmissions  Tremendous human and cost burden

 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation Community-Based Care Transitions Program Multi-Payer Patient-Centered Medical Home Shared Savings Program (ACOs) Payment Innovation (e.g., Bundled Payments)  Transitional Care Payment Codes  Federal Coordinated Health Care Office

 Amends title XVIII (Medicare) of the Social Security Act to cover transitional care services for qualified individuals provided by a transitional care clinician acting as an employee of a qualified transitional care entity, such as a hospital (or a critical care hospital), a home health agency, a primary care practice, a federally qualified health center, a long-term care facility, a medical home, an appropriate community- based organization, an assisted living center, or an accountable care organization. (* Re-Introduced by Reps. Earl Blumenauer (D-Ore.), Thomas Petri (R-Wis.), Allyson Schwartz (D-Pa.) and Jan Schakowsky (D-Ill.) in September, 2012)

Adapted from the National Quality Forum (NQF) steering committee on Measurement Framework: Evaluating Efficiency Across Patient-Focused Episodes of Care. Adapted from the National Quality Forum (NQF) steering committee on Measurement Framework: Evaluating Efficiency Across Patient-Focused Episodes of Care. The committee’s report presents the NQF-endorsed measurement framework for assessing efficiency, and ultimately value, associated with the care over the course of an episode of illness and sets forth a vision to guide ongoing and future efforts. Trajectory 1 (T1) Relatively healthy adult with onset of new chronic illness Trajectory 1 (T1) Relatively healthy adult with onset of new chronic illness Trajectory 2 (T2) Adult with multiple chronic conditions Trajectory 2 (T2) Adult with multiple chronic conditions Trajectory 3 (T3) Adults at end of life Trajectory 3 (T3) Adults at end of life Population At Risk Acute Phase PostAcute/RehabPhase Secondary Prevention

 Address gaps in care and promote effective “hand-offs”  Address “root causes” of poor outcomes with focus on longer-term value

 Stratify population based on needs/risk & apply EB interventions Lower risk groups (T1) – improve “hand-offs” Higher risk groups (T2) – interrupt current trajectory/focus on long-term outcomes Adults at end of life (T3) – transition to palliative care/hospice

Care is delivered and coordinated… …by same APN supported by team …in hospitals, SNFs, and homes …seven days per week …using evidence-based protocol …supported by tool box

 Holistic, person/family centered approach  Nurse-coordinated, team model  Protocol guided, streamlined care  Single “point person” across episode of care  Information/decision support systems that span settings  Focus on increasing value over long term

Better Care Better Health Reduced Costs Enhanced access Reduced errors Increased satisfaction Decreased symptoms Improved function Enhanced quality of life Decreased all-cause rehospitalizations Reduced ED visits Total cost savings (* Based on 3 NIH funded RCTs: Ann Intern Med, 1994,120: ; JAMA, 1999, 281: ; J Am Geriatr Soc, 2004, 52: )

Translating Evidence Into Practice Penn research team formed partnerships with Aetna Corporation and Kaiser Permanente to test “real world” applications of research-based model of care among high risk elders. Funded by The Commonwealth Fund and the following foundations: Jacob and Valeria Langeloth, The John A. Hartford, Gordon & Betty Moore, and California HealthCare; guided by National Advisory Committee (NAC)

 Patient screening and recruitment  Preparation of TCM nurses and teams (e.g., online course)  Documentation and quality monitoring (clinical information system)  Quality improvement (case conferences grounded in root cause analysis)  Evaluation

 Improvements in all quality measures  Increased patient and physician satisfaction  Reductions in rehospitalizations through 3 months  Cost savings through one year  All significant at p < 0.05 (Naylor et al., J Evaluation in Clinical Practice. doi: /j x.)

Would cognitively impaired hospitalized older adults and their caregivers benefit from TCM? Funding: Marian S. Ware Alzheimer Program, and National Institute on Aging, R01AG023116, ( )

 Compared three evidence-based innovations among hospitalized cognitively impaired older adults and family caregivers, each designed to: Improve patients’ and family caregivers’ outcomes Reduce preventable rehospitalizations Decrease total health care costs  Enrolled 407 older adults and 407 family caregivers in prospective clinical trial conducted over 2 phases

 24.9% also had delirium (+ Confusion Assessment Method)

P=0.0005

P=.0049

 Analyses re: patient, family caregiver and cost outcomes ongoing  About 30% of sample transitioned from hospitals thru post-acute SNFs to home  Findings contributed to ongoing work (+ recent NIH submission) to assess effects of learning collaborative with SNFs (hospitals and post-SNF providers) in implementation of evidence-based transitional care

What do we know about effects of transitions among elderly long-term care recipients over time? Funding: National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Nursing Research, R01AG025524, ( )

 Examine the trajectory of changes in each of multiple HRQoL domains  Explore relationships between and among the multiple domains and health + long-term service use  Compare the patterns of change among similar older adults supported by three options (i.e., HCBS, ALF, NH)

 Enrolled 470 English- and Spanish-speaking older adults from 50 sites, who were new recipients of long-term services and supports  Included older adults with mild- and moderate- cognitive impairment  Conducted quarterly interviews with adults and abstracted chart data; conducted organizational surveys

(Zubritzky et al., 2012, The Gerontologist. doi: /geront/gns093)

(* Symptom Bother Scale)

 Overall rates of bothersome symptoms decreased and general health perceptions increased (p<0.001)  Further declines in bothersome symptoms were associated with increased depression (p<0.001) and increased hospitalization use (p=0.02)  Reported rates of bothersome symptoms were lower for non-white LTSS recipients (p=0.003)

 Opportunity to capture the “voice” of elderly LTSS recipients over time  Potential for interventions designed to recognize and manage physical and emotional symptoms  Potential for policies that enhance earlier access to symptom management

Does the TCM add value to the Patient Centered Medical Home? Funding: Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Rita and Alex Hillman Foundation and the Jonas Center for Excellence ( )

 Compare the health and cost outcomes demonstrated by community-based older adults coping with multiple chronic conditions who receive the PCMH+TCM to a similar group of older adults who receive the PCMH only

 Collaboration (co-management) with PCMH  Focus on patient (and family caregiver) goals – Goal Attainment Scaling  Emphasis on prevention of acute resource use (ED visit, index hospitalization) and continuity of care when acute event occurs

Diagnoses: 12 (4-24) Medications: 11 (1-23) Major Risk Factors: 4 (2-7) Average PCMH+TCM intervention: 63 days (n=29) NTime to hospitalization PCMH+TCMNational Avg.* ED visits (no hospitalization) Acute office visits days3%20%0% days15%28%0% days15%34%6%0% (* Based on Jenks et al., 2009, N Engl J Med. 360: )

 Focuses on transitions of high-risk cognitively intact and impaired older adults across all settings  Has been “successfully” translated into practice  Has been recognized by the Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy as an innovation meeting “top-tier” evidence standards

Key Components for Success Champions Shared goals Multi-stakeholder involvement Communication Data monitoring and reporting Culture of continuous learning

 Aetna  Aetna – expansion of TCM proposed as part of Aetna’s Strategic Plan  University of Pennsylvania Health System  University of Pennsylvania Health System – adopted TCM (Aetna and Blue Cross reimbursing)  Other health care systems & communities – adopting/adopting  Informing ACA implementation

International Locations: Canada, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, Singapore Areas in the U.S. implementing TCM

 Solving complex problems will require multidimensional solutions  Evidence is necessary but not sufficient  Change is needed in structures, care processes, and health professionals’ roles and relationships to each other and people they support  Carpe Diem!