Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Facts about Nexans Technics  Cabling evolution  Parameters Cat 6 versus Cat 5 Standardization – What is Deembedding? Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential Installation Issues/Installation practice FO theory/FO practice Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW Agenda

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Why Universal Cabling ? Cabling Evolution

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Telephone Informatics Unstructured Structured Universal Cabling System Pre-engineered Cabling System Cabling Evolution

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Telephony PABX Basic Star Structure: still applicable today Voice Grade Cable: not installed any more Cabling Evolution

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Data networking ( ) LAN introduction New cable media HO ST Cabling Evolution 10BASE5 Token Ring FDDI SAS DAS

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Unstructured Each system had a different kind of transmission medium (UTP, STP, coax, twinax,...) The Solution installed is not compatible with other Solutions Costly moves and changes No overview Spaghetti cabling Cabling Evolution

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Universal Cabling Two media: copper twisted pair and optical fiber Voice, data, video, control signals Patching Facilities Universal (Generic): application independent Cabling Evolution

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan I want to communicate with you No problem, I am conform with the OSI model Influence of applications on system performance requirements

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan TCP/IP = OSI-like Model Layer 1: physical layer Layer 3: Network Layer Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer IP Header Data Layer 3: Network Layer Ethernet Header Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers TCP header Ethernet Header Data IP Header Data TCP header

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Network Layer IP Header Data Layer 3: Network Layer TCP header Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers IP Header Data Layer 3: Network Layer TCP header Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers The Network Layer 3 addresses the interconnection of networks by routing packets from one network to another. To route packets across different networks we need a router

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan IP address (32 bits) 4 Bytes IP address Network Layer Primary function of IP : to provide an reliable, best effort, connectionless datagram delivery.

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Data Link Layer IP Header Data Layer 3: Network Layer Ethernet Header Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer TCP header Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers IP Header Data Layer 3: Network Layer Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer TCP header Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers Ethernet Header This layer contains the MAC address (Medium access control) - Bridging or switching The data link layer must contain  Length of the frames  a means of addressing  access control to the medium  error detection (and correction)

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Bytes MAC address 0 0 AA A 6B Supplier identification MAC address (48 bits) Influence of applications on system performance requirements

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Layer 1 Layer 1: physical layer, the Cabling System IP Header Data Layer 3: Network Layer Ethernet Header Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers TCP header Layer 3: Network Layer Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers Ethernet Header Data IP Header Data TCP header

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan OSI Model Layer 1: physical layer This Layer addresses the physical characteristics of the network  Types of cables used  Types of connectors used  Required Performance levels of the links and channels  Max. length of the cables  Defines the representation of bits (zero’s and ones) on the cable frequency, voltage, encoding techniquesencoding techniques  The higher layers give a meaning to these bit values Layer 1: physical layer, the Cabling system

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Ethernet10 Mbps  10 MHzManchester Encoding Technique The Network Interface Cards (NIC) translate the bits into voltage levels (Frequencies). The encoding technique compresses the bit stream so that high bit rate application can be transported over lower bandwidth links. Because of the fact that the transmission speed is depending on the encoding technique, we do not use the term Mbps to compare cables to each other, but we use MHz which is the parameter expressing the bandwidth of the cable. The physical Layer 1 is thus completely determined by the upper laying layers OSI Model: From bits to frequencies Layer 1: physical layer

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Ethernet: The physical layer IEEE BASE-T Twisted pair RJ m Manchester encoding 3V Class C link/channel performance required Influence of applications on system performance requirements

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Gigabit Ethernet: The physical layer IEEE802.z 1000BASE-T Twisted pair RJ m PAM 5 encoding 3V Class D’99 link/channel performance required Class D’01 preferred Influence of applications on system performance requirements

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Class C / Cat 3 Category 4 Category 5 / Class D Class E / Category 6 Class F / Category 7 16 MHz20 MHz100 MHz200 MHz 600 MHz Class D / Category 5 (+amendment) (Category 4) Standardisation : Universal Cabling

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Facts about Nexans Technics  Cabling evolution  Parameters Cat 6 versus Cat 5 Standardization – What is Deembedding? Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential Installation Issues/Installation practice FO theory/FO practice Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW Agenda

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan rpm = ? km/h 2000 rpm = ? km/h Which one is faster ? Megabits or MegaHertz ?

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan CODING IS AN APPLICATION DEPENDENT NECESSITY !!! APPLICATIONMbps  BandwidthEncoding Technique Ethernet10 Mbps  10 MHz(Manchester) Token Ring 4 & 16 Mbps  16 MHz(Manchester) Fast Ethernet100 Mbps  62,5 MHz(NRZI + 4B5B) TP-PMD  31,25 MHz(MLT-3 + 4B5B) ATM155 Mbps  78 MHz(NRZ) 1000BASE-T1000 Mbps  125 MHz(PAM-5) 100 Mbps x conversion factor = ??? MHz OSI Model: From bits to frequencies: Encoding Techniques X 1000BASE –TX 1000 Mbps  250 MHz(PAM-5) ATM Mbps  250 Mhz

‘ 80 Ethernet 10 Mb/s ‘85 Token Ring 16 Mb/s ‘93 FDDI 100 Mb/s ‘94 Fast Ethernet 100Mb/s ‘95 ATM 155 Mb/s ‘98 Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mb/s Capability of Cabling Infrastructure Request of Bandwidth AN EFFICIENT CABLING SYSTEM HAS TO ANTICIPATE Cabling Evolution

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Digital Signal Encoding NRZ-I Man

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Influence of Noise Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more important with higher levels of coding

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan We use km/h to express the speed of a car Use MegaHertz to express transmission speed !!! Megabits or MegaHertz ?

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Attenuation (Insertion loss) I a m t a l k i n g t o y ou ! Can y ou he a r me ? Attenuation

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan The amount of signal loss in the transmission link (expressed in dB) dB Loss Signal Source Signal Receiver t Attenuation Attenuation

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Near End Crosstalk (NEXT) Eric Bob Chris Dave Near End Crosstalk = NEXT is a measure of signal coupling from one pair to another pair.

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan ACR (dB)=NEXT (worst case) - attenuation  (worst case) t Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR) 60 dB 50 dB 40 dB 30 dB 20 dB 10 dB Frequency (MHz) ACR Minimal LANmark5/ Cat.5e350 link performance ISO/IEC IS specification ISO/IEC Nexans Cabling Solutions 70 dB 8.7 dB 16 dB Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Rule : For high speed applications ACR of a link should be better than 13 dB at 100 MHz Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbps ATM 155 Mbps Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Focus on phenomena that will occur : during a simultaneous parallel transmission of data in both directions on all four pairs in the cable Simplex bi-directional transmission Full duplex bi-directional transmission on 4 pairs Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Simplex bi-directional transmission (over 2 pairs) e.g. Ethernet, Token Ring ä attenuation ä NEXT ä ACR Full duplex bi-directional transmission (over 4 pairs) e.g. Gigabit Ethernet: ä PowerSum specs (PSNEXT, PSACR) ä ELFEXT, PSELFEXT ä Delay skew ä Return loss ä Coupling attenuation Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Mbps Full Duplex over 4 pairs ? ä 250 Mbps on each pair in both directions 1000 Mbps simultaneously in both directions Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Near End Crosstalk (NEXT) = NEXT is a measure of signal coupling from one pair to another pair. Near End Crosstalk

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan = NEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting simultaneously t PowerSum NEXT Alan Eric Geoff Bob Andres Franco Chris Dave PowerSum NEXT PowerSum NEXT

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Powersum NEXT RX TX - + Need 4 of these PowerSum NEXT In Gigabit Ethernet : PowerSum NEXT will be cancelled out !

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan PowerSum ACR t Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio ACR = NEXT - attenuation t PowerSum ACR PSACR = PSNEXT - attenuation ACR/PSACR is the signal to noise ratio considering NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise sources.

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan dB 50 dB 40 dB 30 dB 20 dB 10 dB Frequency (MHz) 70 dB t PS ACR Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio LANmark 6 channel - 2 connectors LANmark 6 channel - 4 connectors ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3 N568 specification 11.5 dB 7.4 dB 0.1 dB

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan  Defined in the ISO and TIA standards  Worst Case configuration  Allows patching between patch panels  High flexibility for modern office environments (zone wiring)  Nexans offers 4x RJ45 connections  Nexans’ Class E channel outperformes the standards The 4 Connector Channel Model

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan connector channel ACR

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan = is signal coupling from one pair to another pair, measured at the far end FEXT t Far End Crosstalk (FEXT) Far End Crosstalk Eric Dave Geoff Andres

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan = FEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting simultaneously t PowerSum FEXT PowerSum FEXT Eric Andres Alan Chris Geoff Bob Dave Franco PowerSum FEXT

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t PowerSum ELFEXT PowerSum ELFEXT

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Equal Level FEXT ELFEXT = FEXT - attenuation t PowerSum ELFEXT PS ELFEXT = PSFEXT - attenuation = similar to ACR/PSACR, which is the signal to noise ratio considering NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise, while ELFEXT/PSELFEXT expresses the signal to noise ratio considering FEXT/PSFEXT only. PowerSum ELFEXT

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Delay Skew Delay Skew I am to you talking I am talking to you

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan = is the difference in travel time on the 4 pairs (expressed in nsec) t Delay Skew Delay Skew

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Mbit Message 250 Mbps ABCD BDAC Delay Skew too high! = ???? = Delay Skew

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Delay Skew : example < 50 nsec ä Channel with a delay Skew of more than 50 nsec cannot successfully support Gigabit Ethernet Delay Skew

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Return Loss = Return Loss (or Transmit Echo) is expressing the reflection of a signal on the same wire pair Return loss

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Return Loss ä A measure of the strength of reflected signal echoes ä Caused by impedance mismatches along a cable run ä Signal echo is an additional noise source Return loss

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan TX - + RX Return Loss In Gigabit Ethernet : Return Loss will be cancelled out ! Return loss

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ? Attenuation Near-End Crosstalk Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT Delay Skew Return Loss Coupling Attenuation Electromagnetic Interference Technical Knowledge

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Powersum NEXT Powersum ELFEXT Ambient noise t Noise sources Technical Knowledge Delay Skew Return Loss

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan ä Background noise such as noise generated by power lines, telephone voltages, airco’s or engines, … ä Due to its random nature, ambient noise can not be cancelled out in the NIC and it will contribute to the BER of a system t Ambient noise Ambient Noise

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan  New parameter studied in European Standardisation (CENELEC)  Included in last edition of ISO and EN  Nexans is one of the pioneers in the work on coupling attenuation  Measures the electromagnetic isolation between a disturbing source (ambient noise) and the cabling  expresses the overall EMC performance of cabling Coupling Attenuation t Coupling attenuation

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Sources of Electromagnetic Interference Engines Engines Elevators Elevators GSM GSM / Walkie Talkies V cabling high high voltage cables Air Air conditioners TL TL lighting (HF) Heating Heating sources/ Micro waves/ radars Refrigerators Refrigerators Photocopiers Photocopiers Pencil Pencil sharpeners Light Light Dimmers EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Protection against ambient noise determined by Balance Screening Now specified by parameter COUPLING ATTENUATION Coupling Attenuation

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Influence of Noise Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more important with higher levels of coding

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan uncontrollable influence from the outside t Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan t Solution : Close the window, use a screen !!! EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan antenna t 1) How does a radio pick up signals ? EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan radiation t 2) Why is a mobile phone not allowed in hospitals, airplanes and in gasoline stations ? EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Faraday cage t 3) Why is the housing of a desktop in metal ? EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan IMMUNITY OF TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES Bending EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan EMI IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Bending EMI IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan dB x better EMC performance ! EMI EMI 40  m 2 x 25  m Nexans’ dual foil cables Single foil FTP cables EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan  OVERALL SHIELD MADE OF TWO FOILS !  HIGHER EMC PERFORMANCES ! better Coupling Attenuation, better shield effectiveness  GAIN ON INSTALLATION ! No risk to cut the foil off when stripping Only one foil to connect More flexible foils easier to manipulate Quick and reliable installation  EFFECTIVE SOLUTION ! Easy connection of one overall foil provides EMC performances comparable to S-FTP. FTP Dual Foil 40 µm 2x 25 µm

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan EFFICIENCY OF THE FOIL Current flow in the foil “Skin effect” Thickness of the foil Internally induced currents Externally induced currents EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan Nexans is the inventor and first developer of FTP, combining advantages of UTP and STP Nexans Cabling Solutions is the world leader in screened cabling solutions Full range of screened cables and connectivity, offering a full EMC cabling system Grounding and Earthing considered during design SCREENED CABLING TECHNOLOGY EMI