Overarching application areas 1.Forecasting atmospheric composition 1. All Global NWP variables (e.g. PBL + Tropopause height) + the ones we want to add 2. Aerosols (aerosol mass, size distribution (1, 2.5, 10 micron), speciation/chem. Comp., AOD at multiple wavelengths, AAOD, water content, PM2.5, chem. comp. of PM, ratio of mass to AOD, vertical distribution of extinction), aerosol size and shape DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 1

Overarching application areas  3. Total ozone, profile ozone, surface ozone, NO, NO2 (surface, column, profile), PAN, HNO3, NH3, CO, VOC (isoprene, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics), SO2 (surface, column), CH4, CO2, N2O, HCHO, HOx, Clx, ClO, BrO, OClO, ClONO2, HDO, HCFCs, HFCs, Rn, SF6  actinic flux, fire radiative power, land proxies, lightning, dry and wet deposition, pollen (key species), OCS DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 2

Overarching application areas 1.Monitoring of the state («health») of the atmosphere, protocols 1. Assessments, verification of emissions, trends, impact on ecosystems All Global NWP variables (e.g. PBL + Tropopause height) + the ones we want to add: SST, deep ocean temp., Solar variability, albedo, land use, soil moisture, precipitation, sea ice cover, snow cover, PSC occurrence Aerosols (aerosol mass, size/surface distribution (1, 2.5, 10 micron), speciation/chem. Comp., AOD at multiple wavelengths, AAOD, water content, PM2.5, ratio of mass to AOD, vertical distribution of extinction), strat. aerosol, PSC composition, aerosol number, metals, chem. Comp. Of PM (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, BC, OC, OM, dust, sea salt, BS, SOA) aerosol index, refractive index, precip. Chem. composition, aerosol size and shape, Hg, POPs, primary biological particles DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 3

Total ozone, profile ozone, surface ozone, NO, NO 2 (surface, column, profile), PAN, HNO 3, NH 3, CO, VOC (isoprene, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics), SO2 (surface, column), CH 4, CO 2, N 2 O, N 2 O 5, NO 3, HCHO, HO x, Cl y, ClO, BrO, OClO, ClONO 2, HDO, HCFCs, HFCs, Halons, CH 3 Br, CH 3 Cl, BrONO 2, Rn, SF 6, glyoxal, methyl chloroform, H 2 O, H 2 O 2, H 2, O 2 /N 2 ratio, DMS, MSA, OCS Isotopes of CO 2, methane, N 2 O, CO, (D, 13 C, 14 C, 17 O, 18 O, 15 N) also in the aerosol phase actinic flux, fire radiative power, land proxies, lightning, dry and wet deposition, pollen (key species), ocean colour, chlorophyl-A, LAI, PAR, FPAR, fluorescence, vegetation maps, land use maps, burned areas, night light, fire counts, wet lands, soil moisture, ship routes, forest inventory, biomass density, crop lands DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 4

Emission database (global SO2…), emission factors (lab measurements), kinetic rates Flux measurements (CO2, CH4, VOCs, NOx, etc.) DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 5

3.Urban/population exposure Limited to the scale of a few km. Integrated services: floods, cyclones, climate and air pollution co-benefits. Information needed on the scales from tens of metres to km, nowcasting. Needed variables to be discussed in the GURME SAG. DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 6

Forecasting Air Quality for Health and Other Uses  AQ at regional, global scales  Sand and Dust Storms  Bioaerosols  UV – health  Solar fluxes (ag & renewable energy)  Spatial vs temporal latency.  Smaller scale captured by the urban application area.  NRT vs long term archiving DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 7

Supporting Conventions and Assessments  Ozone bulletin  Ozone assessment  GHG bulletin  GEO Assessments  HTAP-like (transboundary)  Global Burden of Disease  Air quality and health of the atmosphere  Careful parsing of applications vs products  National assessments DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 8

Human health  AQ forecasting  Global burden of disease  Wellness indexes  Take note of how we support health in the other Application Areas. DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 9

Biomass Burning Risk Forecast & Analysis  Biomass emission estimates in NRT to support AQ, weather and emergency applications  Reanalysis and trends to support climate applications and assessments  This is too specific for a high level AA. DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 10

Emission estimates  Rapid updates to support forecast activities  Estimates to support policies (verification, quantification, mitigation, trends,…)  GHGs and pollutants  Make sure that these are represented in the various AAs, such as Health and Forecasting DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 11

Ecosystem and ( ? ) services  Total deposition estimates for impacts to ecosystems (e.g. agriculture (forests, crops etc)) (damage & nutrients), oceans, cryosphere, …  Connection to UV and solar radiation  Biodiversity  Parse out to existing WIGOS AAs.  Ecosystem services and biodiversity are not covered in the WIGOS list of AAs.  Impact of atm. Comp. on ecosystems DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 12

Additional applications  Re-analyses of atmospheric composition  Model verification  Air quality/climate interactions (including clouds)  Research  ……  Research: Budgets, cycles DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 13

Short-Lived Climate Pollutants  Constraining 3/4 dimension distributions  Estimating radiative forcing contributions  Short-lived climate forcers already in the climate application area.  Make sure that SLCFs are represented in other areas. DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 14

Forecasting air quality DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 15

“Urban-focused” applications  AQ forecasts  Haze  Urban-rural gradients (heat island,..)  Exposure forecast  Population focused applications (e.g. densely populated regions, such as SE Asia)  Operational AQ forecasting is dealt with in ? DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 16

Urban Community Responses to Air- borne Hazards, Weather, and Climate Events Severe Weather Risk Mapping Air Quality Climate Extreme Water Quality Urban Ecosystem & Healthy Community Planning Tourism & Recreation Urban Observing System Security of infrastructure & utilities DRR & Risk Management Public Health and Safety Smart City/Info Dissemination & Interaction Transportation Low Carbon/energy / Business Cont. Planning Integrated Urban Weather and Climate Service and its Supporting Research including User Interface for Urban Weather Services CMA Shanghai

Application Areas – Background (1) test footer 18 WIGOS Applications: Global numerical weather prediction (GNWP); High-resolution numerical weather prediction (HRNWP); Nowcasting and very short range forecasting (NVSRF); Seasonal and inter-annual forecasting (SIAF); Aeronautical meteorology; Atmospheric chemistry; Ocean applications; Agricultural meteorology; Hydrology; Climate monitoring (as undertaken through the Global Climate Observing System, GCOS); Climate applications; and Space weather. In addition, the observational requirements for WMO polar activities and the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) are also to be considered under WIGOS.

Application Areas – Background (3) test footer 19 CAS-16, which identified six emerging areas: high impact weather; water; Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG 3 IS); aerosols; urbanization; and new technologies, including geo/climate engineering.

GAW SIP – “Research Enabling Services” test footer 20 SSC initially identified priority services as those related to climate, high impact weather, urban (air quality/health), ecosystems, and support of conventions.

DWD Met. Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, September 15 page 21 Ordering applications as a function of timeliness of GAW data Separates climate (long-term) applications from all other (short-time) applications Long-term: „Climate mode“ - Protocol and convention monitoring - Policy/Political issues - Assessments - validation of reanalysis runs - inverse modelling - surface flux verification Short-term: „NRT mode“ - AQ forecasts (regional/global) - data assimilation - forecast/analysis validation - health - bio-aerosols - events (volcanoes, dust) - GHGs and agriculture - high impact weather - support of renewable energy