الانكسار.

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Presentation transcript:

الانكسار

المصطلحات Keywords انكسار شعاع ساقط شعاع منكسر عمود الانكسار زاوية السقوط زاوية الانكسار معامل الانكسار قانون سنل القانون الثاني للانكسار

الأهداف Goals فهم طبيعة الانكسار يفسر الظواهر المتعلقة بالانكسار معامل الانكسار و حساباته رسم مخططات الصورة المتكونة في العدسة الرقيقة. تعيين موضع الصورة و صفاتها حساب الزاوية الحرجة الانعكاس الكلي الداخلي الظواهر الجوية المتعلقة بالانكسار

الانكسار Refraction

Assessment

Assessment 5. In each diagram, draw the "missing" ray (either incident or refracted) in order to appropriately show that the direction of bending is towards or away from the normal.

انكسار القلم

Assessment 6.Arthur must aim at a position on the water below where the fish appears to be. Since light refracts away from the normal (water to air) as Arthur sights at the fish, the refracted ray when extended backwards passes over the head of where the fish actually is.

= angle of incidence     = angle of refraction

Thin lenses

عدسة مُفرِقة :- رقيقة في الوسط، سميكة عند الحافة عدسة مُفرِقة :- رقيقة في الوسط، سميكة عند الحافة عدسة لامَّــة :- سميكة في الوسط، رقيقة عند الحافة

f f

f f

1 f < o< 2f  i > o 2f 2f f f

2 O > 2f  2f > i > f f 2f

3 o= 2f  i = o f 2f

4 i = f  o =  f 2f

5 o< f  i > o f 2f

6 O >> 2f  i f f 2f

7 f

8 f

هـــواء بارد – سرعة الضوء صغيرة – الكثافة الضوئية كبيرة – الشعاع يبتعد عن العمود هـــواء ساخن – سرعة الضوء كبيرة – الكثافة الضوئية صغيرة - الشعاع يبتعد عن العمود

Sunlight after Sunset Apparent position of sun Observer Lingering daylight after the sun is below the horizon is another effect of refraction. Light travels at a slightly slower speed in Earth’s atmosphere than in space. As a result, sunlight is refracted by the atmosphere. In the morning, this refraction causes sunlight to reach us before the sun is actually above the horizon. In the evening, the Observer Actual position of sun Earth Atmosphere sunlight is bent above the horizon after the sun has actually set. So daylight is extended in the morning and evening because of the refraction of light. Note: the picture greatly exaggerates this effect as well as the thickness of the atmosphere. Different “shapes” of Sun

Fiber Optics Total Internal Reflection: Application ( ) Plastic or glass rods are used to “pipe” light from one place to another Applications include: medical use of fiber optic cables for diagnosis and correction of medical problems Telecommunications

Refraction – Snell’s Law The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal all lie on the same plane The angle of refraction is related to the angle of incidence as v1 is the speed of the light in the first medium and v2 is its speed in the second العمود الشعاع الساقط الشعاع المنعكس الشعاع المنكسر Since and , we get , or Snell’s Law index of refraction

Refraction at a plane surface Optics: Reflection, Refraction 05/25/2006 Refraction at a plane surface Light bends at interface between refractive indices bends more the larger the difference in refractive index can be effectively viewed as a “least time” behavior get from A to B faster if you spend less time in the slow medium n2 = 1.5 n1 = 1.0 A B 1 2 Experts only: n1sin1 = n2sin2 Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 Lecture 16

الزاوية الحرجة :- زاوية السقوط التي تقابلها زاوية انكسار قائمة( 90o ) The angle at which light begins reflecting back into a refractive material is called the critical angle, and it depends on the index of refraction. The critical angle for water is about 49 degrees. الزاوية الحرجة :- زاوية السقوط التي تقابلها زاوية انكسار قائمة( 90o ) شرطها :- سقوط الشعاع من وسط كثافته الضوئية كبيرة نحو وسط آخر أقل كثافة ضوئية

Total Internal Reflection Optics: Reflection, Refraction 05/25/2006 Total Internal Reflection At critical angle, refraction no longer occurs thereafter, you get total internal reflection for glass, the critical internal angle is 42° for water, it’s 49° a ray within the higher index medium cannot escape at shallower angles (look at sky from underwater…) incoming ray hugs surface n2 = 1.5 n1 = 1.0 42° Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 Lecture 16

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