Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C H A P T E R Adapted from McGraw Hill Copyrigt © 2007 Th M All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Peers “A man’s growth is seen in the successive choirs of his friends.” — Ralph Waldo Emerson American Poet and Essayist, 19th Century “A man’s growth is seen in the successive choirs of his friends.” — Ralph Waldo Emerson American Poet and Essayist, 19th Century

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2 Peer Group Functions Illustration copyright © Used with permission. Peers- individuals who are the same age and maturity level –Source of information outside of the family about self and world Adol spend more time with peers (boys sports, girls ?) –Are Peers Necessary For Development? Associated with prosocial bx and academics –Positive & Negative Peer Relations Symmetrical reciprocity (fairness and justice)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 3 Family-Peer Linkages How are the worlds of parents and peers connected? –Parents choose environment –Parents can model or coach their adolescents in ways of relating to peers –Secure attachment to parents relates to positive peer relations –Parents who do not grant autonomy have children who interact with more negative peers

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Peer Conformity Peer Pressure –Dress –Music –Language –Values –Leisure Activities

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 Peer Conformity Developmental Changes in Conformity to Peer Standards Fig. 10.1

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 6 PopularRejected ControversialNeglected Frequently nominated as best friend Infrequently nominated as best friend Rarely disliked by peers Actively disliked by peers Peer Statuses

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 7 Social Cognition and Emotion Social Cognition –Adolescents have more social knowledge than children –Difficulty in peers relations exists when there is a lack of social cognitive skills Metacognition, Perspective taking, Rewarding others, Planning Misinterpretation Emotion –Emotional regulation associated with positive peer relationships

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Social Cognition and Emotion Improving Social Skills –Conglomerate Strategies Modeling Discussion Reasoning Reinforcement Mixed results with those who are actively disliked or rejected

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 9 Friendship Companionship Physical support Stimulation Ego support Social Comparison Intimacy/affection The Importance of Friendships Fig. 10.3

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Friendship Sullivan’s Ideas –Increase in importance of friendship in adolescence –Basic needs of tenderness, playful companionship, social acceptance, intimacy and sexual relations. Symmetrical Intimate Mode Intimacy and Similarity –Intimacy – self-disclosure –Similarity – age, sex, ethnicity Mixed-Aged Friendships

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 11 Adolescent Groups Rules that apply to all members of a group Norms: Certain positions in a group that are governed by rules and expectations Roles: Function and Formation

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 12 Adolescent Groups Illustration copyright © Used with permission. Groups in Childhood and Adolescence –Broader array of members –Based on mixed-sex relationships

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13 Adolescent Groups Cliques and Crowds –Cliques: Small groups ranging from 2 to 12 individuals, averaging about 5 to 6 –Crowds: A larger group structure than cliques. Adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation What outcomes are associated with crowd affiliation?

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 14 Adolescent Groups Youth Organizations –Important influence Affiliation is associated with higher self- esteem, community involvement, and higher SES. –More likely to participate in community as adult –Provides socialization

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 Gender Boys are more likely than girls to: –Associate in larger clusters –Engage in competition, conflict, ego displays, risk taking, dominance seeking Girls are more likely than boys to: –Engage in collaborative discourse

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 16 Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity Lower-SES adolescents display –More aggression toward others in low- SES Middle-SES adolescents –Assume leadership roles

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 17 Culture Some countries restrict adolescents’ access to peers –Engage in more peer interaction during school In some countries peers play larger role

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 18 Dating and Romantic Relationships Illustration copyright © Used with permission. Functions of Dating –Recreation –Status –Socialization

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 19 Dating and Romantic Relationships Types of Dating –Heterosexual Romantic Relationships –Romantic Relationships in Sexual Minority Youth Myths –Sexual minority youth struggle –All sexual minority youth have same-sex attractions –Sexual minority youth always fall in love with same sex

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 20 Dating and Romantic Relationships Emotion, Adjustment, and Romantic Relationships

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21 Love and Its Construction Romantic Love: –Strong sexual and infatuation components –Often predominates in the early part of a love relationship

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 22 Love and Its Construction Affectionate Love: –This occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for that person

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 23 Gender and Culture Male and Female Dating Scripts –Dating scripts: The cognitive models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evaluate dating interactions

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 24 Ethnicity and Culture Sociocultural context –Influences dating patterns Religious beliefs and values

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 25 Taking it to the Net For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center: