Dr. Sadaf Sajjad

Technology is comprised of the products and processes created by engineers that meet our needs and wants.

 Technology is closely related to social interaction. Every breakthrough in technology leads to a change in social interaction. It is difficult to imagine what else can be invented, but we can be sure that in 10 years people will interact in many different ways using technology not invented yet. Social interaction Technology changes improvement

 Technology Instant communication (such as internet, mobile phone) on has allowed closer contact between people. Intercultural and International relations.  PROS.At business field, internet (skype for example) has enabled internationalization, updated the available information, relations worldwide, expansion…At social field, it allows an ‘easy way of life’ Shopping from home (more time for work and family). Keep in touch with friends. Easy relationships. Relations between individuals and businesses. Access information.

Technology –Study of our human-made world –Deals with “what can be” Science –Study of our natural world –Deals with “what is”

Home School Workplace New technology is causing major changes in our society at:

Transportation Technology Medical Manufacturing & Construction Bio-Related and Agriculture Nanotechnology Information Communication Energy and Power Environmental

Information Technology allows us to send signals around the world. Examples internet, television, satellite, GPS, cell phones

10  The strategic use of information technology is one of the defining aspects of organizational success in today’s world  Many companies in industries from manufacturing to entertainment use IT to Get closer to customers Enter new markets Streamline business processes

11  Management of information technology and e- business  Basic information technology & information systems frequently used in organizations  Fundamental strategies  Management implications  Recent information technology trends

12  The hardware, software, telecommunications, database management, and other technologies used to store, process, and distribute information

13 Data- Raw, non- summarized, and unanalyzed facts and figures Information- Data that have been converted into a meaningful and useful context for the receiver

14  Increasing Challenge for Managers 1. Effectively identify needed information 2. Access useful information  Magnitude of transforming data into useful information = introduction of chief information officer (CIO) position

15 Operations Information Systems  Transaction-processing systems  Process control systems  Office automation systems Management Information Systems

16 Management Information Systems  Information-reporting systems  Decision support systems  Groupware  Executive information systems

17 Management Information Systems Reporting Systems Decision Support Systems Executive Information Systems Group Decision Support System Corporate and External Databases Source: Adapted from Ralph M. Stair and George W. Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems: A Managerial Approach, 4 th ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Course Technology, 1999), 391. Operations Information Systems

18  Internet = global collection of computer networks linked together  World Wide Web = (WWW) a collection of central servers for accessing information on the internet

19  E-business = any business that takes place by digital processes over a computer network rather than in physical space  E-commerce = business exchanges that occur electronically

20  Intranet = an internal communications system that uses the technology and standards of the Internet but is accessible only to people within the organization  Extranet = external communicati0ns system that uses the Internet and is shared by two or more organizations

21  Strategy = Market Expansion ● Internet division allows a company to establish direct links to customers and expand into new markets ● Organization can provide access around the clock to a worldwide market and reach new customers

22 In-House Internet Division Spin-Off Strategic Partnerships Strategy = Productivity and Efficiency

23 Competitive Business Environment E-Business Strategy Market expansion and revenue growth Increased productivity and cost efficiency Benefits Add new markets Integrate bricks and clicks Increase market size Immediate short-term effects Measurable productivity impact Driven by internal processes Implementatio n In-house division or partnership

24  Biggest boom in e-commerce is in business- to-business (B2B) transactions  $2.4 trillion and growing in 2004  B2B marketplaces = intermediary sets up an electronic marketplace where buyers and sellers meet, acting as a hub for B2B commerce – online portal  Ebay has become a B2B portal

25 Online portal or “hub” for B2B marketplace Sellers Buyers Many sellers offer products and services through an intermediar y to many buyers

26 ERP, integrate and optimize all the various business processes across the entire firm Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Top ERP vendors today host the applications themselves and offer their products through Internet portals Customers access the applications with standard browsers

27  Systems that help companies track customers’ interactions with the firm and allow employees to call up information on past transactions

28  Process of systematically gathering knowledge, making it widely available throughout the organization, and fostering a culture of learning

29  Three Keys  Data warehousing  Business intelligence  Knowledge management portals

30 Improved employee effectiveness Information overload Enhanced collaboration Empowered employees Increased efficiency

31  Wireless Internet  Peer-to-Peer File Sharing  Blogs and Wikis  Going International

32 Information technology and e-business are changing the way people and organizations work Customer, partners, and suppliers are brought into the information network

Communication Technology helps with the giving or exchanging of information. Examples digital cameras, magazines, DVDs, video games

In business, communication can be:  between individuals  between individuals and organisations  within a business  between a business and an external organisation

Communication takes place within networks. These are some of the types of network:  chain  circle  wheel  all-channel

 A chain network e.g formal contact

 A circle network e.g. between people at the same level

 A wheel network e.g. sales teams report to head office

 An all-channel network e.g. brainstorming

Communication in the business world is very different today compared to twenty years ago, because of:  Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

 Mobile telephones  Video and tele-conferencing  Lap-top computers   Multi-media communications

No matter what medium of communication is used, it can fail if:  jargon is used inappropriately  badly written messages are transmitted  the message goes to the wrong receiver  information overload takes place  the communication channel breaks down

In the UK until recently, firms wanting to move into e-commerce have been:  prevented due to slow connection speeds  affected by lack of broadband services Go to the Activity for more on this.

Biotechnology transform living things into products or new forms of life. Examples medicine, genetic engineering, bionics DNA Replication image from the Human Genome Project

Agricultural Technology produces plants and animals for food, fiber, and fuel. Examples fertilizer, irrigation, food preservation, weed and insect control

Medical Technology creates tools to treat disease and injury. Examples X-rays, lasers, prostheses, ultrasound, medications

Environmental Technology creates tools to minimize the effect of technology on the development of living things. Examples waste management & recycling, hybrid vehicles, conservation,

Production Technology is the manufacturing of physical goods on an assembly line and the construction of structures on a job site.

Manufacturing Technology changes natural or synthetic materials into usable products. Examples: automobile factories, clothing factories, food factories Manufacturing Technology

Construction Technology builds structures that support loads and protect us from the environment. Examples: residential construction (homes), bridge construction, road construction Construction Technology

Materials Technology develops materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. Examples: BpA free plastic, asbestos insulation, Mosquito repellent clothing, artificial skin grafts for burn victims, composite decking Materials Technology

Transportation Technology Provides a way for people, animals, products, and materials to be moved from one location to another. Examples Flight – airplane, rocket, space shuttle Land – car, train, subway, automobile, bicycle Water – oil tanker, cruise ship Non-vehicle – conveyor belts, pipelines

Energy and Power Technology develops more efficient ways to use renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Examples: wind energy, hydroelectrical energy, solar energy, tidal power, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, oil (gasoline/diesel), coal, natural gas

Nanotechnology is manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular level. Examples implanted sensors, Nanobots, molecular manufacturing