10. PHYLUM CHORDATA Dorsal Notochord-long rod that supports the body-becomes the vertebrae in most. Dorsal Nerve cord-becomes the central nervous system.

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PHYLUM CHORDATA Dorsal Notochord-long rod that supports the body-becomes the vertebrae in most. Dorsal Nerve cord-becomes the central nervous system. Pharyngeal.

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10. PHYLUM CHORDATA Dorsal Notochord-long rod that supports the body-becomes the vertebrae in most. Dorsal Nerve cord-becomes the central nervous system. Pharyngeal gill slits-openings in the throat for feeding & breathing-becomes the Pharynx in humans. Tail-forms in embryos and extends past the anus.

CLASSES OF CHORDATES

CLASS PISCES SUBCLASS SUBCLASS

Classes of Pisces

SUBCLASS AGNATHA Jawless fish, that are the only vertebrate parasites. Hagfish live in salt, Lampreys live in fresh Water. Have a sucker-like oral disk, with teeth that rasp the flesh & suck out juices from tissue.

Hagfish

CARTILAGINOUS FISH 850 Species of Sharks, Rays & Skate Skeleton is made of cartilage. S-shaped swimming/rigid fins. Gill slits. Store oils & constant motion to stay afloat. Scales are small bony plates (at one time used as sandpaper).

RAYS & SKATES Flattened body for a bottom-dwelling niche Spiracles & eyes on the dorsal side. Mouth, nostrils & gill slits on ventral side. Stingrays have a hollow barb. Manta ray grows to 18’.

SHARKS Close to 300 species. Largest fish in the world-Whale Shark. Can smell1drop/blood In 1 million parts/water. Lateral line detect vibrations in the water Ampullae of Lorenzini Sense changes in electrical field.

WHALE SHARK

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (BONY FISH) 96% of all fish belong to this group. Bony skeletons, gill operculum's. Rigid bodies, flexible fins. Swim bladders for buoyancy. Chromatophores for color.

SKIN & SCALES The skin of bony fish has chromatophores-mating, camouflage. Light, flexible scales for protection. Produce mucus to reduce friction in water & protect against predators.

FINS & LOCOMOTION Due to the rigid nature of their body, bony fish “flex” their fins for propulsion. Paired fins are for fine movements. Dorsal & Ventral are used to stabilize. Caudal is for speed!

SWIM BLADDER & GILLS Swim/air bladder-gas filled sac that can be used for buoyancy, sound & protection. Gills extract Oxygen efficiently from water. Covered by an operculum, there are 3 parts-gill raker, gill arch & gill filaments. Blood flow in the filaments is opposite the flow of water resulting in the greatest amount of gas exchange!

BONY FISH ANATOMY

GILL EFFICIENCY Counter-flow efficiency

Concurrent exchange Blood Water 100% 20% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% Fluids flow in the same direction equilibrium between the two fluids occurs

Counter Current Exchange Blood Water 100% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Fluids flow in the opposite directions Equilibrium between the two fluids never occurs

LATERAL LINE Lateral line is a series of pits on the side of a fish that lead directly to spinal cord. It can sense the slightest movements in the water. (vibrations) Schooling: fish use this sense to school..(about 80 % of all species school at one time) Schooling helps with: mating, Protection in #’s, disruptive.

REPRODUCTION Oviparous-both sexes spawn & eggs are fertilized externally. Ovoviparous-some incubate the eggs Viviparous-some species actually bear their young live!

Migrations Catadromous- Breed in the oceans but live in freshwater Eels migrate to the Sargasso Sea, they spawn at depths of 300 meters and die when done

Anadromous- Breed in freshwater but live in salt Atlantic Salmon makes multiple trips in its lifetime Pacific Salmon only once

SYMBIOSIS