Kingdom Protista “the very first” any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote (bacteria) Eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago Classified by nutrition mode Animal like, Plant like, or Fungus like

A) Animal-like Protists: Protozoans Protozoa-”First animals” Heterotrophs Four phyla based on how they move

1) Phylum Zoomastiginia: Zooflagellates Absorb food through their cell membranes Most reproduce asexually- binary fission Live in lakes and streams or bodies of other organisms

Diseases African sleeping sickness Trichomonas vaginalis – vaginitis Trypanosoma – Tsetse Fly Chills, rashes, nerve cell damage, coma Trichomonas vaginalis – vaginitis

Termites and Trichonympha Symbiotic (lives off food from termite) Lives in termite gut Contains cellulase that digests wood

2) Phylum Sarcondina: Sarcodines Pseudopods “false foot” – cytoplasmic projections for eating and movement Best known sarcodine - Amoeba Amoeboid movement Contractile and Food Vacuoles Binary Fission Foraminiferans – secrete calcium carbonate shells (chalk), accumulates on bottom of ocean.

ex. AMOEBA Contractile Vacuole (pump water) Pseudopods Nucleus Food Vacuole (store food)

Amebic Dysentery Entamoeba-parasite spread by contaminated drinking water from poor sanitation Severe diarrhea, attacks intestines, bleeding Boiling water or iodine kills parasite

3) Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliates Cilia – used for feeding and movement Short, hair-like projections Binary Fission and Conjugation (stress) Best known ciliate – paramecium Freshwater and saltwater Trichocysts-stiff projections for defense of paramecium

Internal Anatomy Two nuclei Macronucleus Micronucleus respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion. Micronucleus conjugation and contains a reserve copy of genes.

Paramecium Macronucleus Trichocysts Oral groove Lysosomes Gullet Anal pore Gullet Oral groove Trichocysts Lysosomes Food vacuoles Contractile vacuole Micronucleus (conjugation) Macronucleus Cilia

Nutrition The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet. The food is forced into food vacuoles Lysosomes break down the food Undigested food is removed through the anus Contractile Vacuole pumps water in and out to maintain homeostasis

Conjugation New macronuclei form Macronucleus Micronucleus MEIOSIS Exchange of micronuclei Macronuclei disintegrate Genetically identical paramecium form *note: conjugation is a sexual process but NOT a form of sexual reproduction b/c no new individuals are formed. However, new combinations of genetic information are produced.

4) Phylum Sporozoa: Sporozoans Parasitic protists Parasites of many different organisms, including worms, fish, birds, and humans. Many protists cause serious disease Cannot move independently Reproduce using sporozoites A sporozoite can attach itself to a host and lives as a parasite.

Diseases Malaria- sporozoan Plasmodium Saliva of the female Anopheles mosquito Sporozoites enter the bloodstream and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells. Red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstream 2 million people die each year from malaria.

B) Plant-like Protists: Unicellular Algae Base of the food chain “phytoplankton” photosynthetic pigments 4 phyla based on the type of pigments they contain

1) Phylum Euglenophyta: Euglenophytes two flagella Lack a cell wall Cell membrane called a pellicle Chloroplasts – photosynthetic Heterotrophic if no sunlight available Eyespot – finds sunlight Pellicle – tough and flexible

Euglena Chloroplast Carbohydrate storage bodies Gullet Pellicle Contractile vacuole Flagella Eyespot Nucleus

2) Phylum Pyrrophyta “fire plants”: Dinoflagellates 50% photosynthetic 50% heterotrophs 2 flagella Plates made of cellulose for protection Many are bioluminescent

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Zooxanthellae (ex. of dinoflagellates) Photosynthetic dinos that provide food for their host organism. The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter. Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, clams

Red Tide Water appears red due to “Algal Bloom” Some dino species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fish Ban on shellfish

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks. Eating these infected shellfish can cause serious illness, paralysis, or death

Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-parasiteslesions

3) Phylum Chrysophyta: Chrysophytes Yellow-green and golden-brown algae Gold-colored chloroplasts Pectin cell wall Store food in the form of oil

4) Phylum Bacillariophyta: Diatoms Cell walls – silicon (glass) Cannot decompose

C) Plantlike Protists: Multicellular Algae Red, Brown, and Green

1) Phylum Rhodophyta: Red Algae Contain Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins Absorb blue light – 260 meters, very deep Important role in forming coral reefs Chondrus crispus- Irish moss

Chondrus crispus – Irish Moss

2) Phylum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders Fucus- Rockweed Sargassum Kelp

Kelp

Kelp

Rockweed

Fucus : Rockweed

Sargassum

Blade Stipe Hold Fast

3) Phylum Chlorophyta: Green Algae Cellulose in their cell walls Chlorophyll a & b Stores food as starch Very similar to plants

Unicellular Green Algae Chlamydomonas Lives in ponds, wet soil, etc.

Colonial Green Algae Spirogyra Volvox – connected strands of cytoplasm, coordinated flagella movement

Multicellular Green Algae Sea lettuce- Ulva

Importance of Algae Base of the food chain Kelp forests – habitats 50% of oxygen production Medical Use Ulcers, High Blood Pressure, arthritis