Stages of Political Rule in China 434 Years426 Years14 Years Xia, 2200—1766 BCE Shang, 1766—1122 BCE Zhou, 1122—256 BCE Period of Warring States, 403—221 BCE Qin, 221— 207 BCE Former Han Dynasty, 206 BCE—9 CE Later Han Dynasty, 25—220 CE Altogether 206 BCE to 220 CE

Stages of Political Rule in China 434 Years426 Years14 Years Xia, 2200—1766 BCE Shang, 1766—1122 BCE Zhou, 1122—256 BCE Period of Warring States, 403—221 BCE Qin, 221— 207 BCE Former Han Dynasty, 206 BCE—9 CE Later Han Dynasty, 25—220 CE Altogether 206 BCE to 220 CE Chaos of Warring States led to rise of new philosophies Thoughtful people reflected on the nature of society Developed: LEGALISM DAOISM CONFICIANISM Han emperors blended Legalism and Confucianism Maintained Legalist ideas of laws and centralized rule Developed and supported system of Confucian schools and political officials Qin Shihuangdi established a strict Legalist state Strict laws to keep people under control Daoism impacted Chinese society and politics, but it was not as formally associated with one of the dynasties

Roman Republic Temporary Dictator elected by Senate in time of crisis (509 – 27 BCE) A law code called the “Twelve Tables” granted plebeians some basic protections Women, foreigners, and slaves were not included in the political system Plebeians had little power even after they were granted the right to elect Tribunes to represent them in the Senate. Elected Consul Senate—Mostly aristocrats, few tribunes Wealthy Patricians Masses of Plebeians Share Executive Power

Roman Empire Rome North Africa West Europe Middle East Southeast Europe Southern England Emperor Senate = Military Garrison in conquered province. KEY = Military Conquest * Military generals had a great deal of power in the conquered provinces.

Cultural Stages of India Ancient Indus River valley Civ. Many city-states Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, … Cities of 40,000 people Organized building Dravidians Dark skinned Small framed Herded cattle & farmed Sacred cattle icons, ritualized bathing pools. Vedic Period Blending of Dravidian and Aryan Compilation of Vedas Poems, hymns, prayers, rituals Oran then written in 600 BCE Emergence of Indian/Hindu culture 4 varnas & elaborate Brahmin rituals Upanishads written BCE Philosophical Hinduism Brahman, atman, moksha, samsara, karma, dharma Challenges to Hinduism Mahavira & Jainism ( BCE ) Siddhartha & Buddhism ( 563 BCE+ ) Aryan Migrations - Indo- Europeans - Large, white, skilled with horses - Blend with Dravidians