Intergovernmental Relationships PIA 2528

Oral Interview Questions: End of Semester 1. What major historical factors appear to have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society according to our "general reading.“ 2. What factors are unique and different for Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Asia or Latin America? 3.To what extent is society and culture important at the "country" level? Be able to discuss at least one country in your region.

Theme The Nature of Intergovernmental Relationships

German Intergovernmental Relations

Overview: Historical Patterns of Relations  AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate power and Responsibility  Definition of Power:  The authoritative allocation of values  Balance: Leadership, Authority and Choice

Symbolism, Power and Authority Leadership as Image

Authority

Authoritarian States

TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND INTER- ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS Confederation and loose con- federal relationships

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress, served as the first Constitution of the United States.

Confederation Relationships Power lies with the sub-units  U.S. Articles of Confederation  Canadian Federation  European Union  Southern African Development Council  Economic Council of West African States  ASEAN  Mercusor

Federalism  Concept: Can Transfer additional authority back to the sub-units but not take power away from the federated governments (Provinces, states)  Principal: Divided Soveregnty

Federal Systems In Federal Relationship Some power lies with the National Unit Some power lies with lower units Layer Cake

Governance as a cake

Layers of Government Intertwined

Federal Powers  Unique or Exclusive Powers- Federal and State  Concurrent Powers- Federal and State  Devolved Powers- State and Local  Denied Authority

Federal Systems Key Distinction: 1. Lower units cannot break away from the National Unit 2. National Units cannot take power away from the lower units 3. Divided Sovereignty

Federalism: Examples: USA Canada Germany Nigeria India Russian Federation Austria Switzerland Malaysia

Federal Relationships TaxationIndian States

Unitary Systems and Sub-regional units 1. All power ultimately lies at the national level 2. What power the local level has, is given to it by the national level 3. The power that the national unit has given to the local level can also be taken away from it

Unitary Government

Unitary Systems- Examples  United Kingdom  France  Hungary  Kenya  Japan  South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi- Federal)  Bolivia  China?  Palestine?  Indonesia  Sweden

Subsidiarity: European Union Term  Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent government authority possible.  It is presently best known as a fundamental principle of European Union Law. According to this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make laws) where member states agree that action of individual countries (or local governments) is insufficient.  Subsidiarity has become a principle of public sector reform in LDCs

Subsidiarity: Summary  Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government  Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it  Alternative Social Service Delivery Systems Debated- eg. Health in USA

Models of Subsidiarity: Review  Devolution: Federal or Unitary (Political)  Deconcentration (Administrative)  Delegation (Special Unit- PAT)  Privatization (Contracting Out)  Program and Project Deconcentration: Principal Agency Issue)

Coffee Break  Ten Minutes

Intergovernmental Relationships Basic Assumptions

Devolution  Transfer to a non-Federal political body e.g.Budget and personal authority to district and town councils Key- power lies with lower level politicians

Deconcentration: Transfer of authority to administrators at lower level within the administrative system

Deconcentration: Review  Functional vs. Prefectoral  Prefectoral integrated  Prefectoral unintegrated

Control Systems: Review Home AffairsLocal Govt. Council Labor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office Functional

Control Systems InteriorLocal Govt.Public WorksAgricultureEducationLabor Council/Chief Prefectoral - Integrated District Office District Labor Office District Ed. Office District Ag. Office Public Works Office

Control Systems: Review Local Govt. Council/ Chief Prefectoral - Unintegrated Police InteriorLabor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office District Office

Delegation  Transfer Function Outside of line Departments  Use of Board  Commercialization

Delegation

 Transfer of authority to a statutory body such as Public Corporations or parastatals (UK)  Eg. AMTRAK

Privatization  Transfer function out of government sector

Principles of Privatization  Key Conditionality- Privatization of the economy within a context of administrative Reform

Principles of Privatization a. divestiture (full sale) b. contracting out c. liquidation d. sell off public private partnership shares

The View from the 1080s Redux

Principles of Privatization Goal: Small government and return to the recurrent budgeting process and balanced budget principles of “Neo-Orthodox Economists”

Programs and Projects  Program and Project Deconcentration: (Principal Agency Issue)  Assymetric Relationships  Prone to Patron-Clientalism

Asymmetric interests when a principal hires an agent principalagent

Program and Project Decentralization: 1. Sectoral - By regular line or agency within a Ministry E.g. Focused activity - seed production (Green Revolution) Agricultural experiments

Indian Department of Agriculture

Program and Project Decentralization: 2. Deconcentration or Devolution of authority to central level special unit eg. Transport, water, health or education projects to subordinate administrative or structures (Education Service) PAT (Port Authority Transport) Buses

Program and Project Decentralization:  3. Inter-Ministerial Committees or Units Planning supervision Overlapping memberships, e.g. Land Use Planning

Land Use Plan

Program and Project Decentralization: 4.Creation of field level Special Project Units with semi- autonomous status ( Special designated geographical areas)

Program and Project Decentralization: Project Decent. E.g. A Range management project; or Integrated Rural Development - Most well known type of special project  Multitude of project activity in different sectors that may overlap or compliment.

Rural Socio- Economic Enhancement Scheme 2.1 Integrated Rural Development 2.2 Small Irrigation Schemes Development 2.3 Integrated Farming Systems Development 2.4 Revobue Multipurpose Dam 2.5 New Cash Crops Establishment 2.6 Livestock Development 2.7 Farmers' Associations Promotion 2.8 Grain Storage Development 2.9 District Water Supply 2.10 Rural Electrification 2.11 Mineral Resources Exploration

DISCUSSION ISSUES AND CONCERNS Democracy: Writers and Themes

Case Studies: Stereotypes and The Institutional Legacy- Geographical Themes and Myths  Africa: Dark Continent, race and Europe: Lord Hailey and Brink  Eastern Europe: Balkan Ghosts  Asia: Villagization and Collectivism- Qiu and Maugham  Latin America: Iberian heritage (or US)- Allende and Ideology  Middle East: Ottoman Legacy vs. Europe- Fisk and Said

Regional Discussions: What are you finding out? 1. Democracy 1. Governance 2. Local Government 3. Civil Society 4. Institutional State

Discussion: What Have You Been Reading? Discussion One: What is unique about each part of the world as seen from our authors? Discussion Two: Limited Government- What is it? Discussion Three: Command Economy?