HIST209 Industrial Metropolis October 5 th, 2010 Prof. Johnson Mark Pan US LUMBER INDUSTRY

 This presentation focuses on softwood lumber production sources in the US with an emphasis on Chicago in the timeline  Focus on softwood lumber because this was the primary type of wood in Chicago (particularly white pine) (Cronon, 151). Further, there was more available data and softwood was more prevalent in the US in the late 1800s, particularly since houses used softwood lumber.  Hardwood was particularly relevant in the South   Unfortunately the seemingly ideal source is in storage at the Penn library and takes 3-4 business days to retrieve. These are “Forest products statistics of [various US regions],” compiled by R.V. Reynolds and A.H. Pierson.  Much of the earlier literature used the term timber. This can be used interchangeably with what we call lumber in general.   iji PREFACE

 Rough raw data were collected from:  Cox, Thomas R. "Mills and Markets: A History of the Pacific Coast Lumber Industry to 1900." Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, Print.  See Appendix A for my raw data  The following maps were created using ArcGIS 10 METHODOLOGY

 The following are graduated color maps I created. GRADUATED COLOR MAPS, 1 YEAR/SLIDE

1848

1869

1879

1889

1899

 The following are density dot maps, representing the same information in a different way DENSITY DOT MAPS, 1 YEAR/SLIDE

= 20 million board feet 1869

= 20 million board feet 1879

= 20 million board feet 1889

= 20 million board feet 1899

 Timeline events regarding Chicago are drawn from Cronon  Other timeline events are drawn from Cox DENSITY DOT MAPS, WITH TIMELINE

: Chicago area dominates neighbors in softwood lumber production

s: Trade Debates over the US excluding Canada from US markets

s: Chicago lumber capital of the world (Cronon, 170). Average Chicago logging crew 15 men.

: Reciprocity Treaty for free trade between Canada and the US

: Tariff of 1857 benefited the South

: Poor Chicago economy, including lumber industry (Cronon 165)

: Tariff of 1857 benefited the South

= 20 million board feet : 80% of Chicago lumber exported via rail (Cronon, 181)

= 20 million board feet : Chicago logging crews now often people

= 20 million board feet : Reciprocity Treaty Broken by the US

= 20 million board feet : Yellow pine competitor from the south makes its way to Chicago. Railroad extensively built in the South (Cronon, 196).

= 20 million board feet : Tariff Act: Sawlog imports placed on the free list

= 20 million board feet s: Chicago lumber no longer being shipped primarily by water. Industry stagnates until 1882 (Cronon, 184).

= 20 million board feet : Increased tariffs on low grade Canadian lumber

= 20 million board feet : Poor Chicago economy, including lumber industry (Cronon, 168)

= 20 million board feet : Chicago “holding over 400 million board feet of lumber” (Cronon, 173)

= 20 million board feet : 90% of Chicago lumber exported via rail ( Cronon, 181 ), though rates heavily increase and hurt the industry ( Cronon, 193 ). At the same time, lumber arriving by lake drastically decreases ( Cronon, ).

= 20 million board feet : Chicago lumber industry declines

= 20 million board feet : Morrill Tariff raised it further

= 20 million board feet : McKinley Tariff cut the US tariff on Canadian imports in half

= 20 million board feet : Wilson Tariff restored free trade

= 20 million board feet : Dingley Tariff quickly returned tariffs to the Morrill Tariff level

= 20 million board feet : The Cutover, the cleared Chicago forests (Cronon, 203).

APPENDIX A NortheastGreat LakesSouthPacific YearMaineNew YorkPenn.MichiganWisconMinnesoLouisianMississAlabamWashingOregonCaliforn  Rough raw data were collected from non-numerical graphs from:  Cox, Thomas R. "Mills and Markets: A History of the Pacific Coast Lumber Industry to 1900." Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, Print.  I estimated charts and compiled the following data:

 Cox, Thomas R. "Mills and Markets: A History of the Pacific Coast Lumber Industry to 1900." Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, Print.  Cronon, William. “Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West.” New York and London: WW Norton & Company,  Howe, Tony. “Growth of the Lumber Industry, 1840 to 1930.” Mississippi History Now, October 2 nd, WORKS CITED

 bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=forest%20AND%20products%20AND%20statistics%20AND%20r eynolds&SL=None&Search_Code=CMD&PID=orKN1DhiYK_q9j3L1WLp5VoC5_0B&SEQ= &HIST=1&CNT=50+records+per+page&DB=local bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=forest%20AND%20products%20AND%20statistics%20AND%20r eynolds&SL=None&Search_Code=CMD&PID=orKN1DhiYK_q9j3L1WLp5VoC5_0B&SEQ= &HIST=1&CNT=50+records+per+page&DB=local     vu.txt vu.txt    mof&source=~!forest&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full= ~!6488~!6&ri=1&aspect= basic_search&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=USDA+Statistical+Bulletin&ind ex=&uindex=&aspect=basic_search&menu=search&ri=1 mof&source=~!forest&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full= ~!6488~!6&ri=1&aspect= basic_search&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=USDA+Statistical+Bulletin&ind ex=&uindex=&aspect=basic_search&menu=search&ri=1  OTHER WORKS CONSULTED