Augustus and the Early Empire. Assassination of J. Caesar Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (excerpt)

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Presentation transcript:

Augustus and the Early Empire

Assassination of J. Caesar Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (excerpt)

Who will rule after Julius Caesar? Marc Antony A brilliant soldier; J. Caesar’s top lieutenant; popular w/ Roman populace. Octavian Grandnephew & adopted son of J. Caesar Strengths = determination, Caesar’s name & $$, timing, shrewdness Weaknesses =Unhealthy, inexperienced, young

How will Augustus avoid Caesar’s fate? He is clearly the dominant figure in Rome by 31 BC; and he knows Rome is close to more civil war. Yet he does not want to be “king” or “dictator” Solution: Renovate > Innovate Find traditional ways to cloak his power

Octavian’s solution: the Principate Imperator: supreme military commander Princeps: First citizen Pater patriae: “Father of the fatherland” Pontifex maximus: chief priest Tribune-for-life Control of provincial appointments Control of state finances Praetorian Guard Adoption of the name Augustus

What’s in a statue? Cuirass = military authority Ad locutio gesture = rhetorical authority Cupid = familial authority (Aeneas) Pose = pseudo-Greek

What role is Augustus assuming in each pose?

How did Augustus control Rome? Appearance of deferring to the Senate Colonies of foreign soldiers and Romanization of provinces Traditional Roman family values/virtues (e.g., Julia) Religion Deification, “Rome and Augustus” Sponsored poets, playwrights Virgil, Horace (but not Ovid) “Bread and Circuses” (public amusement) Gladiators, horse races, public baths

Primary Sources about Augustus Augustus himself Suetonius Tacitus DioCassius Archaelogical artifacts Law codes Art/Architecture

Roman Empire under Augustus Noble, p. 176

The problem of the succession The problems: the princeps was not a specific office, but a combination of prestige, military authority, religious aura. Augustus outlives his adopted son Marcellus, his son-in-law Agrippa, his grandsons Lucius and Gaius, leaving him with only his stepson Tiberius. Romans are still opposed to hereditary monarchy. Solution: adopt another man as son….

Julio-Claudian Dynasty (14-68 AD) CE: Tiberius (murdered by) 37-41: Caligula (murdered) 41-54: Claudius (murdered by the mother of) 54-68: Nero (murdered)

Pax Romana/Roman Peace (1 st & 2 nd c. AD) Five Good Emperors (96-180) Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius Silver and Golden Ages of literature Economic growth Sturdy border defense and peace Mass citizenship Romanization Language, army service, architecture, names

Roman Culture Sport Gladiators, chariot racing Literature/History Virgil, Horace, Tacitus, Livy Religion Paganism, Imperial Religion & Deification of Emperors, Christianity, Mystery Religions

Gladiators in Rome What do you already know?

Types of Gladiators Secutor Retiarius, & Lanista

Types of Gladiators Bestiarus (low relief) Thracian (mosaic)

History & Purpose of Gladiatorial Games Originated as funeral games (264 BC) to honor ancestors J. Caesar offered 320 pairs in silver armor, in 65 BC Held in amphitheatres, arenas, and even the Circus Maximus to allow for crowds “gladius” = sword Gladiators = mix of criminals, POWs, slaves, mercenaries. Infamis. Oaths: –“uri, vinciri, verberari, ferroque necari (I will endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword) –Ave Caesar! Mortuturi te salutamus! (Hail, Caesar! We who are about to die salute you!)

Gladiators today