Unit 2 PP 2 Roman Expansion and the road to empire Chapter 5 Section 2

Roman Expansion Rome and Carthage What and where is Carthage? The problem

The 1st Punic War (264-261BC) Mostly a naval conflict brought about by the Roman desire to expel a Carthaginian garrison from Sicily Results Treaty in which both sides promised not to attack each others allies (Carthage paid a tribute for 10 years) Rome gains its first territory off the Italian peninsula Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia

Hannibal and the 2nd Punic War Father Hamlicar raised him in the army At 26 he assumes command Brought about by the Punic Empire in Spain Carthage seized a town that was a new Roman ally causing Rome to declare war 218 BC invades Rome through the Alps with 50K men 37 elephants (2.5 months) Lost 18K and a third of his elephants Will need to recruit in Italy

Battles of The Second Punic War (218-202 BC) Trebia River (30,000 lost) Battle of Lake Trasamine (15,000) Battle of Cannae: (70,000) Publius Cornelius Scipio 204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the Punic Empire in Spain 202 BC Battle of Zama (Hannibal’s mercenaries deserted) Carthage was made a dependent ally of Rome

The 3rd Punic War 146 BC Rome decided to eliminate Carthage once and for all (Cato the Elder) They were once again economically successful and a threat They violated the terms of their treaty by crossing a Roman imposed frontier? After a three year siege they completely wipe out Carthage in 146 BC 133 BC Rome controls the Mediterranean Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, Spain

Hannibal and Scipio

Political, social and economic consequences of expansion Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers to abandon or sell their land (economic problem?) Too many new slaves (Ironic problem?) New foreign grain prices are lower? Division between rich and poor became more sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly acquired land into Latifundia Less male landowning citizens VAST new territories (problem?)

The Decline of the Republic Mass of unemployed landless men allowed for the rise of ambitious men No trust in Senate to resolve the issues Romans were no longer dedicated to civic duty, hard work and simplicity Now Rome was guided by corruption, greed and personal gain

The Gracchus Brothers: The Republic’s last hope Plebian brothers who became Tribunes and attempted reform in the late republic Socialism? Fixed grain price Redistribute land They were both murdered by the Senate because they were a threat

The Rise of Military Dictators Marius and Sulla Gaius Marius: elected Consul in 107 BC used the army as a tool of his ambition Was the first to use volunteers for his army (now clients of General no longer a civic duty) Lucius Cornelia Sulla: Began as a subordinate of Marius they began a civil war over a command in Asia Minor Sulla wins but in the process brings his army into the city of Rome

The First Triumvirate Pompey, Crassus and Caesar Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) Was only 28 when he was given command of an army in Spain (77 BC) Marcus Licinius Crassus An ambitious Senator who gained power and fame by defeating the slave army of Spartacus in 73 BC 70 BC both of these men demanded special honor and election to Consulship Opened the floodgates for attacks on the power of the Senate

The First Triumvirate Gaius Julius Caesar Noble birth (Venus?) Allied with Crassus in the 60’s BC to gain military commands (Governor of Spain) Upon his return he strikes up the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus Elected Consul in 59 BC and then moves on to rule Gaul for 5 years Winds up conquering into Germany and Great Britain

The Rise Julius Caesar By 50 BC JC had 13 legions After the death of Crassus in 53 BC Pompey (now sole Consul) began working against JC in Rome The Senate cut short his appointment and asked him to return to Rome without his armies When he crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC he began a civil war against Pompey’s army By 45 BC he is victorious and ruled Rome as dictator

The Reforms of Julius Caesar Julian Calendar Relocated 80,000 poor, cancelled loan payments for a year, Public works to create jobs, land to the poor and to veterans Reorganized local government Increased Senate to 900 (plebs, gauls etc) Extended citizenship off the peninsula All power was his (consul, tribune, priest, military, the courts)

The Death of Julius Caesar March 15, 44 BC JC was assassinated by the Senate (Cassius and Brutus) They had no real plan and all they created was 13 years of civil war that will lead the end of the Republic They were jealous of Caesar and guarding the traditional powers of the Senate Antony and rabble rousing (stop at 5 minutes)

….Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral …He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man….He hath brought many captives home to Rome, Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill: Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know. You all did love him once, not without cause: What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? O judgement! thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have lost their reason….

The Second Triumvirate Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus Goal: To avenge the death of Caesar They are eventually victorious in Macedonia No real plan either split the Rome 3 ways Lepidus (Africa) Antony (East) Octavian (West)

Antony and Cleopatra Antony married Cleopatra in 37 BC (divorced Octavia) Antony and Cleopatra are defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC Octavian: now controls Rome as Emperor Augustus (the first Emperor of the Roman Empire)

(Octavian) Augustus 31BC-14AD 27BC receives the title of Augustus, Princeps, imperator From this point on he is considered emperor Begins the Pax Romana 31BC-180AD

The Reforms of Augustus Kept the Republican constitution (relationship with the Senate? Dignitas?) Thought of himself as first citizen of the Republic Revived Roman morality (Fides, Pietas, Gravitas) Police and Fire departments Public Works Postal service, local government given more authority Strong control and reorganization of the army Praetorian Guard created Census for entire empire

Tiberius 14-37 AD Married to Augustus's daughter Julia Came to power when Augustus’s two grandsons Gaius and Lucius died early

Gaius (Caligula) or “Bootsie” 37-41AD Grandson of Augustus Only surviving son of Germanicus Tiberius killed or exiled his entire family Co-Emperor with Gemellus (until he killed him)

Caligula’s weirdness Why? Living god? Incest with Drusila Statues Horse as a Consul/Senator? Killed by his own guard

Claudius 41-54AD Brother of Germanicus Never supposed to rule (problems) Raised to the throne by the Praetorians Accomplishments Conquered and occupied Great Britain 2 children and one stepson (Nero) Poisoned by his wife Agrippina (Nero’s Mom)

Nero (54-68AD) Emperor at 16 Murder (who) The arts Fire/Christians Final words! Fire/Christians The End of Nero

The Flavian Dynasty (The Military Emperors) After Nero 4 Emperors in one year (68-69AD) before the Flavians take over Vespasian (69-81AD) Designed the coliseum Successful general Titus Completed construction of the (“Flavian Amphitheater”)

The Good Emperors The Adoptive system more widely used Trajan (98-117AD) Spanish, expands empire to its greatest extent Hadrian (117-138AD) Codified Roman law (same for all provinces) Defensive wall in G.B. 73 miles long Marcus Aurelius (161-180AD) Last of the good emperors (“Philosopher King”) Spent most of his time fighting Germans His son Commodus begins the decline of the empire