Chapter 14 India and Its Neighbors

Section 1: History p

Warm Up Questions ◊Whose reign signaled the beginning of the Mughal Empire? ◊How and where did the Religion of Islam first arrive in South Asia? ◊How did Islam spread into India? ◊Whose reign signaled the beginning of the Mughal Empire? ◊How and where did the Religion of Islam first arrive in South Asia? ◊How did Islam spread into India?

Islam ◊Muslim’s from Arabia (where is Arabia?) conquered northwest India These people are called Arabs ◊As a result, many people converted to Islam Pakistan, Afghanistan etc.. ◊11th century( ): Turkish Muslims from present day Afghanistan, attacked NW India Replaced the Arabs as rulers of this land ◊Their land extended all the way to the Deccan Plateau ◊Muslim’s from Arabia (where is Arabia?) conquered northwest India These people are called Arabs ◊As a result, many people converted to Islam Pakistan, Afghanistan etc.. ◊11th century( ): Turkish Muslims from present day Afghanistan, attacked NW India Replaced the Arabs as rulers of this land ◊Their land extended all the way to the Deccan Plateau

Mughal Empire ◊1526: Babur invaded India with his army ◊Eventually controlled northern India and west into Afghanistan ◊His reign is the beginning of the Mughal Empire ◊To strengthen his empire: Involved local leaders in gov’t Built trade routes ◊1526: Babur invaded India with his army ◊Eventually controlled northern India and west into Afghanistan ◊His reign is the beginning of the Mughal Empire ◊To strengthen his empire: Involved local leaders in gov’t Built trade routes

Babur ◊Was a great warrior, and master of war strategy ◊A ruthless and supreme ruler, who felt he was only answerable to god ◊BUT… ◊Was also a poet and understood that war was wrong ◊He understood that you had to include the people you conquered in the decision making process or you would have difficulty ruling them ◊Kept a detailed diary of his life known as Baburnama ◊Was a great warrior, and master of war strategy ◊A ruthless and supreme ruler, who felt he was only answerable to god ◊BUT… ◊Was also a poet and understood that war was wrong ◊He understood that you had to include the people you conquered in the decision making process or you would have difficulty ruling them ◊Kept a detailed diary of his life known as Baburnama

◊1st autobiography in the Islamic world What is an autobiography? ◊Some call it his memoirs: detailed 40 years of his adventures, ideas, and opinions ◊He is very detailed, descriptive, and observant in his writings ◊Written by Babur himself ◊Widely considered one of the classics of world literature ◊1st autobiography in the Islamic world What is an autobiography? ◊Some call it his memoirs: detailed 40 years of his adventures, ideas, and opinions ◊He is very detailed, descriptive, and observant in his writings ◊Written by Babur himself ◊Widely considered one of the classics of world literature

Excerpt from Baburnama ◊'It is a superb place. All around the area are many flowing streams. The citadel is located atop a hill, and inside it a huge reservoir has been carved from rock. ….The houses of the rich and poor alike are made of stone. Those of the grandees are elaborately carved, but the ordinary people's are not. The roofs are made of stone instead of tile. Chanderi lies ninety kos to the south of Agra. There the north star is at twenty-five degrees elevation.’ ◊Wrote this after conquering Chanderi ◊'It is a superb place. All around the area are many flowing streams. The citadel is located atop a hill, and inside it a huge reservoir has been carved from rock. ….The houses of the rich and poor alike are made of stone. Those of the grandees are elaborately carved, but the ordinary people's are not. The roofs are made of stone instead of tile. Chanderi lies ninety kos to the south of Agra. There the north star is at twenty-five degrees elevation.’ ◊Wrote this after conquering Chanderi

Babur cont.. ◊Captured his empire due to his ability to access gunpowder Was in short supply for his enemies, but not for him ◊Ready to rule for a long time…but ◊1530 died suddenly--throne left to his son ◊He ;aid the groundwork for the Mughal Dynasty to flourish ◊Captured his empire due to his ability to access gunpowder Was in short supply for his enemies, but not for him ◊Ready to rule for a long time…but ◊1530 died suddenly--throne left to his son ◊He ;aid the groundwork for the Mughal Dynasty to flourish

Akbar the Great ◊Ruled from ◊Grandson of Babur ◊Strong-willed, fearless, and cruel ◊BUT… ◊Just, and compassionate ◊Under his rule… Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth Created a powerful army Instituted effective political and social reforms Created a library containing 24,000 volumes ◊Each translated into a different language so all his subjects could read them ◊Ruled from ◊Grandson of Babur ◊Strong-willed, fearless, and cruel ◊BUT… ◊Just, and compassionate ◊Under his rule… Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth Created a powerful army Instituted effective political and social reforms Created a library containing 24,000 volumes ◊Each translated into a different language so all his subjects could read them

Akbar and the Hindu’s Treated Hindu’s as equal--he was Muslim Abolished a tax that was specific to all Hindu’s Gave them high ranking military and political positions Had Hindu literature translated Participated in Hindu festivals Even married a Hindu princess ◊Understood that in order for his kingdom to maintain peace, all religions had to cooperate with each other ◊Tried to create one universal religion (combining Islamic and Hindu beliefs) Treated Hindu’s as equal--he was Muslim Abolished a tax that was specific to all Hindu’s Gave them high ranking military and political positions Had Hindu literature translated Participated in Hindu festivals Even married a Hindu princess ◊Understood that in order for his kingdom to maintain peace, all religions had to cooperate with each other ◊Tried to create one universal religion (combining Islamic and Hindu beliefs)

Akbar’s Red Fort ◊In the capital city of Agra, near the Yamuna River, he built his fort/castle ◊Part fort, part castle, it was completed in only 8 years Made with red sandstone…hence the name Red Fort ◊Had over 500 rooms ◊Outer walls had 2 huge gates, flanked by 2 towers, and were 40 feet high ◊Inner wall is 70 feet high, with turrets for guns and cannons ◊Surrounded by 2 moats 1 water moat contained alligators 1 dry moat contained tigers ◊In the capital city of Agra, near the Yamuna River, he built his fort/castle ◊Part fort, part castle, it was completed in only 8 years Made with red sandstone…hence the name Red Fort ◊Had over 500 rooms ◊Outer walls had 2 huge gates, flanked by 2 towers, and were 40 feet high ◊Inner wall is 70 feet high, with turrets for guns and cannons ◊Surrounded by 2 moats 1 water moat contained alligators 1 dry moat contained tigers

Akbar ◊Died on Oct 27, 1605 due to a stomach illness ◊Known for promoting exceptional harmony between Hindus and Muslims. ◊Practiced acceptance of all religions ◊Did not attempt to become the head of a new religion. ◊Died on Oct 27, 1605 due to a stomach illness ◊Known for promoting exceptional harmony between Hindus and Muslims. ◊Practiced acceptance of all religions ◊Did not attempt to become the head of a new religion.

End of the Mughal Empire ◊It all started when…. ◊1600: Queen Elizabeth I of England gave trading rights to the East India Company in India and SE Asia A joint stock company made up of English merchants, designed to trade with the Indians ◊Mughal emperors agreed to allow them to set up factories Shipped spices, tea, cotton, silk, indigo (a dye), sugar, and ingredients for gunpowder ◊It all started when…. ◊1600: Queen Elizabeth I of England gave trading rights to the East India Company in India and SE Asia A joint stock company made up of English merchants, designed to trade with the Indians ◊Mughal emperors agreed to allow them to set up factories Shipped spices, tea, cotton, silk, indigo (a dye), sugar, and ingredients for gunpowder

The End cont.. ◊1707: Aurangzeb died--last of the great Mughal emperors ◊No emperor could hold power after his death ◊18th century: Invaders plundered India and destroyed Delhi multiple times ◊1764: Battle of Buxar British defeat the Mughal army and effectively take over ◊1804: British East India Company became official rules of India The Shah, Persian for King, asked for their protection ◊1707: Aurangzeb died--last of the great Mughal emperors ◊No emperor could hold power after his death ◊18th century: Invaders plundered India and destroyed Delhi multiple times ◊1764: Battle of Buxar British defeat the Mughal army and effectively take over ◊1804: British East India Company became official rules of India The Shah, Persian for King, asked for their protection