Chapter 4 Section 4 OBJECTIVES 1 – Outline the causes and results of the Thirty Years’ War 2 – Understand how Austria and Prussia emerged as great powers 3 – Describe how European nations tried to maintain a balance of power

Begins in Bohemia Begins in Bohemia – Catholic V Protestant – Soon widens to a total European War Becomes a war of Political interests Becomes a war of Political interests Peace of Westphalia Peace of Westphalia – Ended the Thirty Years’ War – Severe Depopulation of the German States Estimated about 1/3 of the people died as a result of the war Estimated about 1/3 of the people died as a result of the war – France emerges as the clear winner – The Netherlands and the Swiss get complete independence – German Lands Divided into 360 separate states Divided into 360 separate states

The New Austrian Empire The New Austrian Empire – The Hapsburgs Long running German family Long running German family – Many Hapsburgs were Holy Roman Emperors – Lost some power after the Thirty Years’ War – Establishes a new Empire in territories throughout Central Europe Present day Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary included lands of Bohemia, Hungary, Poland and Italian states Present day Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary included lands of Bohemia, Hungary, Poland and Italian states Very Diverse Very Diverse – Different languages, religions and cultures Too hard to control under 1 central government Too hard to control under 1 central government Maria Theresa Maria Theresa – 1740 – 1 st woman to rule the Hapsburg Empire

War of Austrian Succession War of Austrian Succession – Prussia attacks Austria when Maria Theresa takes the throne France takes advantage of Austria and attacks France takes advantage of Austria and attacks Austria turns to Great Britain and makes an alliance Austria turns to Great Britain and makes an alliance – The war will be fought in three parts of the world Europe Europe – Prussia attacks Austrian Silesia – France Attacks Austrian Netherlands Far East Far East – France takes over the British colony of Madras (India) America America – British capture French fort of Louisbourg at the entrance to the St. Lawrence – The Peace of Aix-la-Chappelle All lands would be returned to their previous owners except Silesia All lands would be returned to their previous owners except Silesia

Frederick William I Frederick William I – Gained support of the Junkers German nobility German nobility – Placed emphasis on military “Prussia is not a state which possesses an army, but an army which possess a state” “Prussia is not a state which possesses an army, but an army which possess a state” Frederick the Great (Frederick II) Frederick the Great (Frederick II) – Willing to make enlightened reforms: Abolished the use of torture Abolished the use of torture Granted limited freedom of speech and freedom of press Granted limited freedom of speech and freedom of press – However, to prevent other major reforms he: Kept serfdom Kept serfdom Rigid social structure Rigid social structure

– Old Rivalries Austria and Prussia Austria and Prussia Austria and France Austria and France France and Britain France and Britain – New Allies France and Austria France and Austria Britain and Prussia Britain and Prussia – The Conflict Area Europe Europe India India North America North America

Europe Europe – Main site for Austria and Prussia – Fighting over Silesia – This war ends in a peace treaty With Prussia keeping Silesia With Prussia keeping Silesia India India – French invade India, a British colony – The British win out because of persistence North America North America – British and French wars over two major areas Waterways of the St. Lawrence Waterways of the St. Lawrence Ohio River Valley Ohio River Valley – Also known as the French and Indian War The French were able to side with the Native Americans The French were able to side with the Native Americans British Naval support key to victory British Naval support key to victory The British are able to take Montreal The British are able to take Montreal – Once Montreal is taken, the ORV and the SLRV are locked to the British

– The Peace of Paris (1763) French are sent out of India for good French are sent out of India for good French also have to transfer Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi River to England French also have to transfer Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi River to England Spain (Allied with France) gives Florida to the British Spain (Allied with France) gives Florida to the British