Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order 28

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert World War I I.The Coming of the Great War II.A World at War III.Failed Peace and Global Turmoil IV.The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert World War I

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Coming of the Great War The Long March to War –Triple Entente  Russia, France, Britain  v. Germany –Central Powers  Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy –Italy joins Entente, 1915

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Outbreak of the War Gavriel Princip –Assassinates Austrian archduke, 1914 Austria-Hungary, Germany –Attack Serbia Russia mobilizes –Germany declares war on Russia, France Germany invades Belgium –Britain declares war

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A World at War Quick war expected The War in Europe –Stalemate on Western Front  Trench warfare  Massive losses

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A World at War The War in the East and in Italy –Russians  Offensives against Germany –Italians  War with Austrians stalemated

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Home Fronts in Europe Little sympathy at home Growth in governments –Propaganda –Suppression of criticism –Labor groups dissatisfied  Weakens Germany  Russia falls Women in work force

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The War Beyond Europe British block supplies to Central Powers –Uses imperial resources, manpower –Indians deployed in many areas French –Use African troops Japan –Fights Germans in China, the Pacific

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The War Beyond Europe Ottomans –Side with Germany –Armenian genocide United States –Begins neutral –German submarines attack American shipping –1917, enter war

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Africa During World War I

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The War Beyond Europe Endgame: The Return of Offensive Warfare

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert World War I Losses

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Failed Peace Woodrow Wilson Peace of Paris –German war guilt  Reparations –Austria-Hungary  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia –Poland independent League of Nations

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Campaigns in Africa, Middle East –Britain draws on colonial resources –Indian production stepped up Asians, Africans work, serve Colonies –Indigenous personnel given more opportunity

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines –Nationalist movements Worldwide patterns –Leadership of Western-educated elite –Charismatic leaders –Nonviolence

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj India –Indian National Congress, 1885  Initially loyal to British  Spurred by racism  Builds Indian identity

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Social Foundations of a Mass Movement Critique of British rule –Economic privilege for British –Indian army used for British interests –High-paid British officials –Cash crops push out food production

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu/Muslim split B.G. Tilak –Nationalism above religious concerns –Boycotts of British goods –Bombay regions –Imprisoned

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu communalists –Violent means –Terrorism in Bengal Morley-Minto reforms, 1909 –More opportunity for Indians

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Loyal to British at start of war –But war casualties and costs mount –Inflation, famine –Promises broken Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 –Greater Indian participation in government

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Rowlatt Act, 1919 –Civil rights restricted –Gandhi protests Mohandas K. Ghandi –Nonviolence –Satyagraha, or truth force

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East Egyptian nationalism –Ahmad Orabi  Rising, 1882 Lord Cromer –Reforms –Benefit upper classes Journalists predominate

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East 1890s –Political parties form –Harsh repression Dinshawi Incident, 1906 –Focuses Egyptian nationalism British grant constitution, 1913

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Middle East After World War I

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) –Independence by 1923 –Reforms  Westernizing France, Britain –Promises to former Ottoman subjects  Renege –Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances –Balfour Declaration Zionism –World Zionist Organization  Theodore Herzl

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 –Martial law to protect Suez Canal –War drains Egyptian resources Egyptians refused to present at Versailles Wafd Party –Sa'd Zaghlul –British agree to independence  From 1922  To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Early regimes –Little progress [1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser]

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa General loyalty War –Drains resources –Western-educated Africans gain authority Pan-African movement –Marcus Garvey –W.E.B. Du Bois

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa Paris –Négritude –Sédar Senghor –Aimé Césaire –Léon Damas

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: World War and Global Upheavals Consequences –Europe’s global position undermined –Europe begins to lose economically to rivals –Resistance movements gain strength  Often assisted by Russia