1914-1918: The World at War

Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

Causes of the War

Alliances By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances. The alliances made it more likely that a war would start. Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

Victor Emmanuel II [It] The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

Europe in 1914

Imperialism All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory. The British feared Germany in Africa. The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

Militarism 1. Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships. The British feared an attack on their Empire

Militarism 2. Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies 1880 1914 Germany 1.3m 5.0m France 0.73m 4.0m Russia 0.40m 1.2m

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

Imperialism All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory. The British feared Germany in Africa. The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

The British Empire in 1914

Nationalism This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence. In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule. Serbia’s national flag

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

Who Declared War on Who? Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary Germany Declares War on Russia Germany Declares War on France England Declares War on Germany and Austria Hungary

By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South America.

The Schlieffen Plan

German Atrocities in Belgium

Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro-Hungarians

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

Propaganda Great Britain

Propaganda Germany

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

The Great War Western Front Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans Germany develops the Schlieffen Plan Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat) Trench Warfare on the Western Front

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Western Front: Battles Battle of Verdun Ten months long French and German armies. Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties No strategic advantages were gained for either side. Battle of Somme English and French vs Germany Six months of fighting Five miles of advancement for Allies 1 million men killed

Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

The Eastern Front

Eastern Front Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austria-Hungarians War more mobile but still a stalemate Russia’s disadvantages Not Industrialized Short on Supplies Russia’s advantage People

Eastern Front: Battles Battle of Tannenberg: August 1914- First major eastern battle. Russia was badly defeated and pushed back. Russia lost millions of men against Germany, undersupplied, under gunned

Other Fronts Japan, Australia, India join Allies Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

Russia Exits the War In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne, the Russian Duma continues to fight. In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet Union is created. March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.

The Tsar with General Brusilov

US claims Neutrality I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier I brought him up to be my pride and joy Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder, To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?

The “Colonial” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

The Machine Gun New Technology Guns It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot by one person.

Technology: Chemical Weapons WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and death

Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas Masks

French Renault Tank

Technology: Tanks

British Tank at Ypres

Technology: The U-boat (Submarine) Germany’s secret weapon during the war Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?

Technology: Airpower Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing, and air battles Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable, The most famous German pilot was Baron von Richthofen (The Red Baron)

“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

1916 Presidential Election And the Winner is… Woodrow Wilson Because “he kept us out of the war”

US Road to War The Last Straw Zimmerman Note

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

“Art” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

Ending the War 1917-1918 US Enters the War in April of 1917 March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Germans now use all resources on Western Front March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on France

Ending the War (1918) The Tide Turns German troops fatigued US had 140,000 “fresh” troops 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918) Central Powers Crumble Revolutions in Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire surrenders German soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm II

Ending the War (1918) Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates on November 9th 1918 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a cease-fire 8.5 million soldiers dead 21 million soldiers wounded Cost of 338 billion dollars

The Armistice is Signed! 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died