Chapter 13 Part 1 The Renaissance

Renaissance means rebirth Began in Italy 13 th Century Began in Italy 13 th Century Spread north (like the plague) Spread north (like the plague) In England by the 16 th Century In England by the 16 th Century Called the Elizabethan Age there Called the Elizabethan Age there

Characterized by Changes in the Arts Changes in the Arts Voyages of Discovery Voyages of Discovery Interested in learning “new” old ideas: Greek and Roman Classical Heritage Interested in learning “new” old ideas: Greek and Roman Classical Heritage Humanism: The study of Ancient Manuscripts Humanism: The study of Ancient Manuscripts 1453 The Fall of Constantinople = new ideas to the West 1453 The Fall of Constantinople = new ideas to the West New Inventions: Printing Press & in Navigation New Inventions: Printing Press & in Navigation The Reformation The Reformation

Humanism In Italy: What can the ancient texts teach us about Human Nature so that we might reach our individual potential and achievement? In Italy: What can the ancient texts teach us about Human Nature so that we might reach our individual potential and achievement? = More secular in Italy = More secular in Italy In the North: Christian Humanism: we can use these new insights into human nature and blend them with Christian principles to create a better society for all of us In the North: Christian Humanism: we can use these new insights into human nature and blend them with Christian principles to create a better society for all of us = More Christian (religious) in the North = More Christian (religious) in the North

Ideas spread more rapidly The Printing Press/ movable type (1454) The Printing Press/ movable type (1454) Increased trade due to better navigation and technology Increased trade due to better navigation and technology New National Languages New National Languages

Renaissance Had an impact on the Upper Class only Had an impact on the Upper Class only Only 2% of the population! Only 2% of the population! UrbanNot Rural Stressed the Individual Not the Common Good SecularNot Religious

Jacob Burckhardt 19 th Century Historian 19 th Century Historian Saw a distinct contrast between the Renaissance and the Middle Ages Saw a distinct contrast between the Renaissance and the Middle Ages BUT OTHERS: saw the changes begin in the later Middle Ages: More trade, rise of the Middle Class, rise of Nation States, calls for Church Reform, Upper Middle Class education BUT OTHERS: saw the changes begin in the later Middle Ages: More trade, rise of the Middle Class, rise of Nation States, calls for Church Reform, Upper Middle Class education

Why Italy first? Surrounded by (Roman) classical ruins Surrounded by (Roman) classical ruins Great commercial revival due to increased trade (due to new sails, ships, technology and gaining the Straits of Gibraltar and footholds in the Mediterranean) Great commercial revival due to increased trade (due to new sails, ships, technology and gaining the Straits of Gibraltar and footholds in the Mediterranean) Big increase in ship building Big increase in ship building Italy a crossroads between the East and the West Italy a crossroads between the East and the West

Increase in Wealth in Italy More wealth to urban areas (due to trade) More wealth to urban areas (due to trade) Impoverished nobility married into wealthy merchant classes = New Urban Nobility Impoverished nobility married into wealthy merchant classes = New Urban Nobility Rulers of city-states were… Rulers of city-states were… Signori (Despots) Signori (Despots) Or Oligarchies (merchant aristocrats) Or Oligarchies (merchant aristocrats) Most CLAIMED to be fairly democratic BUT ruled as monarchs..crushed urban revolts, killed enemies, taxed Most CLAIMED to be fairly democratic BUT ruled as monarchs..crushed urban revolts, killed enemies, taxed

Commenda: Contract between Italian Merchants and Merchant Adventurers Contract between Italian Merchants and Merchant Adventurers Merchant-adventurer acquired goods directly from the source and delivered to merchants Merchant-adventurer acquired goods directly from the source and delivered to merchants Great risks but great profit Great risks but great profit 1/3 of the profits to the merchant-adventurer 1/3 of the profits to the merchant-adventurer

First Renaissance art in Florence By the end of the 13 th Century By the end of the 13 th Century Art was one way to flaunt one’s wealth Art was one way to flaunt one’s wealth

Banking Florentine merchant-Banker families collected taxes for the papacy (usury no longer an issue) Florentine merchant-Banker families collected taxes for the papacy (usury no longer an issue) Soon had offices in cities all over Europe Soon had offices in cities all over Europe Dominated European banking Dominated European banking

The Medici Family Important Banking Family Important Banking Family Controlled Florence from behind the scenes Controlled Florence from behind the scenes Controlled politics AND the arts Controlled politics AND the arts One of the first families to patronize the Arts One of the first families to patronize the Arts Donatello’s David was commissioned for the wedding of Lorenzo the Magnificent Donatello’s David was commissioned for the wedding of Lorenzo the Magnificent Florence economy strong and stable Florence economy strong and stable Took many hits: Plague, repudiation of debts Took many hits: Plague, repudiation of debts

Italian City-States 1494

Italian City States Began as communes with much guild involvement Began as communes with much guild involvement Free men who were sworn to work for complete economic and political independence from feudal lords Free men who were sworn to work for complete economic and political independence from feudal lords By 12 th Century communes in Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena and Pisa fought for and won independence from feudal lords By 12 th Century communes in Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena and Pisa fought for and won independence from feudal lords

Merchant Guilds were the basis of communes Built city walls Built city walls Regulated trade Regulated trade Levied taxes Levied taxes Kept order Kept order

The displaced feudal lords Settled in the cities and became partners of the new commercial aristocrats Settled in the cities and became partners of the new commercial aristocrats Many business deals were sealed with a marriage Many business deals were sealed with a marriage Northern Feudal nobility + Commercial Aristocracy = New Urban Nobility Northern Feudal nobility + Commercial Aristocracy = New Urban Nobility Formed tightly-knit alliances to defend and protect their rights and privileges Formed tightly-knit alliances to defend and protect their rights and privileges

Citizenship limited to very few: Property owners Property owners Social connections Social connections Years of residence in cities Years of residence in cities POPOLOS: the vast majority of the population who were disenfranchised and overtaxed POPOLOS: the vast majority of the population who were disenfranchised and overtaxed

Popolos Claimed to want a more representative form of government Claimed to want a more representative form of government After much violence, Popolos took power in Bologna, Siena, Parma, Florence, Genoa and more After much violence, Popolos took power in Bologna, Siena, Parma, Florence, Genoa and more BUT New governments did not last because: BUT New governments did not last because: Popolos excluded others Popolos excluded others Popolos could not keep order Popolos could not keep order

Some City-States had Constitutions or Charters Mainly for show Mainly for show Real power at the princely courts of the City- States Real power at the princely courts of the City- States Signori and Oligarchies ruled as monarchs Signori and Oligarchies ruled as monarchs Much flaunting or wealth at the courts Much flaunting or wealth at the courts Patronized the Arts Patronized the Arts

Italians were: Intensely loyal to their city-states Intensely loyal to their city-states Fiercely competitive with one another Fiercely competitive with one another The idea of BALANCE OF POWER was important The idea of BALANCE OF POWER was important Weak city-states would make alliances with each other to prevent domination of the peninsula by a single state Weak city-states would make alliances with each other to prevent domination of the peninsula by a single state Constant shifting of alliances to keep all in check Constant shifting of alliances to keep all in check

1454 Peace Treaty of Lodi 1450 Milan’s Francesco Sforza acquired the title: Duke of Milan 1450 Milan’s Francesco Sforza acquired the title: Duke of Milan Venice (and Papal States) made war on Milan in protest Venice (and Papal States) made war on Milan in protest Cosimo de Medici (Florence) ended his alliance with Venice and joined Milan and Naples against Venice and Papal States Cosimo de Medici (Florence) ended his alliance with Venice and joined Milan and Naples against Venice and Papal States Treaty at Lodi = Venice recognized Sforza’s title in exchange for territory Treaty at Lodi = Venice recognized Sforza’s title in exchange for territory

Later European Nations in the North will adopt the Balance of Power idea for the same purpose: to prevent the domination of Europe by any single power European Nations in the North will adopt the Balance of Power idea for the same purpose: to prevent the domination of Europe by any single power

Balance of Power in Italy The Italians’ failure to unify will make them vulnerable to invading armies of the French and Spanish in the late 15 th and early 16 th centuries The Italians’ failure to unify will make them vulnerable to invading armies of the French and Spanish in the late 15 th and early 16 th centuries Italian city-states created the concept of the Resident Ambassador used in modern diplomacy Italian city-states created the concept of the Resident Ambassador used in modern diplomacy

The major city-states Florencedominated by the Medici Family Florencedominated by the Medici Family Milan after 1450, dominated by the Sforza family Milan after 1450, dominated by the Sforza family Rome and the Papal States: the Popes were the religious and political leaders Rome and the Papal States: the Popes were the religious and political leaders Venice Venice Naples Naples

The Italian City-States The major city-states controlled the smaller ones The major city-states controlled the smaller ones Florence, for instance, controlled Genoa Florence, for instance, controlled Genoa All ruled as monarchs, crushed revolts, raised taxes All ruled as monarchs, crushed revolts, raised taxes All had mercenary armies led by Condottieri: who were mercenary generals of private armies hired by the city-states All had mercenary armies led by Condottieri: who were mercenary generals of private armies hired by the city-states

The Republic of Florence Cosimo de Medici ( ) allied his family with other powerful families of Florence Cosimo de Medici ( ) allied his family with other powerful families of Florence Banking family Banking family Medicis never held political office but ruled from behind the scenes. Medicis never held political office but ruled from behind the scenes. Those who DID hold political office probably owed the Medici banks $ so they were controlled by the Medici family Those who DID hold political office probably owed the Medici banks $ so they were controlled by the Medici family

Florence Lorenzo the Magnificent (son of Cosimo) ( ) a great patron the arts Lorenzo the Magnificent (son of Cosimo) ( ) a great patron the arts Went through much of the family fortune Went through much of the family fortune Donatello’s David was commissioned for his wedding Donatello’s David was commissioned for his wedding Pedro (Piero) ruled on the death of his father, Lorenzo Pedro (Piero) ruled on the death of his father, Lorenzo

Milan Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 Traditional enemy of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454) Traditional enemy of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454) The treaty brought 40 years of peace between the Italian city-states The treaty brought 40 years of peace between the Italian city-states

Rome and the Papal States Included much of central Italian Peninsula Included much of central Italian Peninsula Popes were political and spiritual leaders Popes were political and spiritual leaders All Renaissance Popes were patrons of the Arts All Renaissance Popes were patrons of the Arts Alexander VI (Spanish…Borgia) Julius II (the Warrior Pope) Leo X others

Venice One of the world’s greatest naval and trading powers of the 14 th and 15 th centuries One of the world’s greatest naval and trading powers of the 14 th and 15 th centuries Longest-lasting of the Italian city-states Longest-lasting of the Italian city-states Was not ruled by a foreign power until Napoleon’s armies at the turn of the 19 th century Was not ruled by a foreign power until Napoleon’s armies at the turn of the 19 th century

Naples (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Southern portion of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily Southern portion of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily Only city-state to have an official king Only city-state to have an official king controlled by the French controlled by the French After 1435 controlled by Spain After 1435 controlled by Spain

The Invasion and Downfall of the City-States Late 15 th Century: Florence and Naples allied to take territory from Milan Late 15 th Century: Florence and Naples allied to take territory from Milan Ludovico the Moor (Milan’s leader) asked for help from FRANCE Ludovico the Moor (Milan’s leader) asked for help from FRANCE French armies (Charles VIII) swept through the peninsula with little opposition in 1494 French armies (Charles VIII) swept through the peninsula with little opposition in 1494

Invasion continued Pedro de Medici (Florence) went to the French camp to ask for peace terms Pedro de Medici (Florence) went to the French camp to ask for peace terms When the Florentines found out, they expelled Pedro…all Medicies were overthrown When the Florentines found out, they expelled Pedro…all Medicies were overthrown Medicies will return to power later but will be severely weakened Medicies will return to power later but will be severely weakened

Girolamo Savonarola Became the official leader of Florence in the absence of the Medici Family Became the official leader of Florence in the absence of the Medici Family A Dominican friar who established a theocracy in Florence A Dominican friar who established a theocracy in Florence Pledged to rid Florence of decadence and corruption Pledged to rid Florence of decadence and corruption Had predicted French invasion and blamed it on moral decay of Florence Had predicted French invasion and blamed it on moral decay of Florence

Savonarola Became a puppet of the French Became a puppet of the French Had the Florentines burning their valuables, books in bonfires Had the Florentines burning their valuables, books in bonfires Was overthrown and burned at the stake by the Florentines when French were ousted in 1498 Was overthrown and burned at the stake by the Florentines when French were ousted in 1498 Pope Julius II (the Warrior Pope) was instrumental in ousting the French Pope Julius II (the Warrior Pope) was instrumental in ousting the French

The Hapsburg-Valois Wars A series of wars between the French Valois family and the Spanish and HRE Hapsburgs A series of wars between the French Valois family and the Spanish and HRE Hapsburgs First phase in Italy ( ) First phase in Italy ( ) Will be fought in Germany (HRE) later ( ) Will be fought in Germany (HRE) later ( )

Background to the Hapsburg-Valois Wars 1508 French king, Louis XII (cousin and heir of Charles VIII) formed the League of Cambrai with 1508 French king, Louis XII (cousin and heir of Charles VIII) formed the League of Cambrai with Pope Leo X and Pope Leo X and German HRE Maximillion I German HRE Maximillion I Purpose: to strip Venice of its mainland possessions Purpose: to strip Venice of its mainland possessions

BUT THEN… Pope Leo X had second thoughts Pope Leo X had second thoughts Was worried that once the French entered Italy, they would not leave Was worried that once the French entered Italy, they would not leave SO…Pope invited the Spanish Hapsburgs into Italy to oust the French! SO…Pope invited the Spanish Hapsburgs into Italy to oust the French!

And Then… Maximillion I (HRE) died suddenly Maximillion I (HRE) died suddenly Maximillion’s grandson and heir Charles V (who was already the King of Spain) inherited the HRE! Maximillion’s grandson and heir Charles V (who was already the King of Spain) inherited the HRE! So…Italy became a battleground between the French Valois and the Spanish Hapsburgs So…Italy became a battleground between the French Valois and the Spanish Hapsburgs

Ancestors of Charles V Maximilian I (HRE) Ferdinand of Aragon (Sp) Maximilian I (HRE) Ferdinand of Aragon (Sp) && && Mary of Burgundy Isabella of Castile (Sp) Mary of Burgundy Isabella of Castile (Sp) \/ \/ Philip of Burgundy m Joanna of Castile Philip of Burgundy m Joanna of Castile = Charles I of Spain Charles I of Spain (Charles V of HRE) (Charles V of HRE) Now Spanish and HRE are Hapsburg! France is surrounded! Now Spanish and HRE are Hapsburg! France is surrounded!

The War in Italy Ended with the Sack of Rome in 1527 by Charles V (which ended the Italian Renaissance) Ended with the Sack of Rome in 1527 by Charles V (which ended the Italian Renaissance) The Treaty (later in 1559 after the German phase) the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis: The Treaty (later in 1559 after the German phase) the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis: Spain received control or virtual control of Sicily, Naples, Milan and huge influence in Papal States Spain received control or virtual control of Sicily, Naples, Milan and huge influence in Papal States The war caused much suffering in Italy AND in Germany later on The war caused much suffering in Italy AND in Germany later on

Cesare Borgia Son of earlier Renaissance Pope, Alexander VI Son of earlier Renaissance Pope, Alexander VI Had earlier tried to unite the Italian City-States unsuccessfully Had earlier tried to unite the Italian City-States unsuccessfully His ambitions ended with the death of his father His ambitions ended with the death of his father BUT was the inspiration for The Prince by Machiavelli BUT was the inspiration for The Prince by Machiavelli Will influence European rulers for centuries Will influence European rulers for centuries

The Prince Was THE political treatise of the 16 th century Was THE political treatise of the 16 th century Manual: How to take and Keep power Manual: How to take and Keep power Said that (politically) the end justifies the means Said that (politically) the end justifies the means Said that for rulers, it was better to be feared than loved Said that for rulers, it was better to be feared than loved Said that rulers had to be cunning (like a fox) and ruthless (like a lion) Said that rulers had to be cunning (like a fox) and ruthless (like a lion) Was amoral Was amoral