ITALIAN NATIONALISM and the creation of united ITALY

The Kingdom of Italy was ruled by Napoleon, Naples by his brother-in-law and Rome by the Pope

The Congress of Vienna restored the states and old monarchies in 1815

Nationalism began to rise-resorgimento- resurgence

Three ideas for unification emerged: Republic, Monarchy, The Pope

Giuseppe Mazzini formed the Young Italy movement in 1831 to drive out foreign rule and create a Republic of Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia became the hope of monarchists King Victor Emmanuel I The Kingdom of Sardinia became the hope of monarchists

Some favored unification under the Pope Vincenzo Gioberti Pope Pius IX Some favored unification under the Pope

1848: Italian Nationalists rose in revolt against state governments

Mazzini and Garibaldi declared the Republic of Italy in Rome, 1848

The Revolutions of 1848-49 failed: The French restored Pope Pius IX; Austria regained Lombardy and Venetia

Count Camilo di Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia, became the leader of the pragmatic movement to unite Italy

Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy under the Constitutional Monarchy of Sardinia

Cavour and Sardinia allied with Napoleon III and France to drive Austria out of Italy

1859: France and Sardinia drove Austria out of Lombardy

Garibaldi and his Red Shirts conquered Sicily and Naples

Garibaldi met Victor Emmanuel II; Naples was annexed to Italy

Right foot in the boot this time. British cartoon showing the roles of Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II in uniting Italy Right foot in the boot this time.

After the Seven Weeks’ War, 1866, Italy gained Venetia as the ally of victorious Prussia

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King of Italy, March 1861

The French army remained in Italy until France declared war on Prussia, July 1870

When the French withdrew, the Papal States were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, September 1870

“I must surrender the sword, my son, but I keep the keys!” Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the annexation of the Papal States. He became the ‘Prisoner of the Vatican’.Italia Irredenta: added after World War IItalia Irredenta: “I must surrender the sword, my son, but I keep the keys!”

Italy and the Vatican settled their differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929.

Garibaldi: “The Sword” Victor Emmanuel II: “The Sovereign” Italian Nationalist Heroes Cavour: “The Head” Mazzini: “The Soul” Garibaldi: “The Sword” Victor Emmanuel II: “The Sovereign”

Summary of Italian Unification Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic Wars Congress of Vienna re-established separate states; Austria became the dominant power Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead Italian unification Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of Italian Nationalism Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated creator of the force that created Italy Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of realpolitik who made the practical moves necessary for unification; Constitutional monarchy was the compromise Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created the nation Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church reconciled

The End