Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy Based on Geography, why did Greek government organized into a Polis system and not an empire?

Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy Peninsula islands  Long distance sea trade, communication City states (700 BCE): separate governments (Polis), common culture (olympics, alphabet, pottery, arts). Slaves: mostly captured in war

Criteria for Democracy? (Demos=people; Cracy=rule by) Citizenship Popular participation Common law Juries Branches of government (separation of power)? Class system? Gender equality? Slavery? All participate? Church-state separation?

Different governments among city states: Monarchy (single king), Aristocracy (landowning nobility), Oligarchy (merchant- artisan elite) Limited Democracy in Athens: 3 branches  Rule by men with property  Common law  Assembly of all citizens: all can propose and vote on laws  Executive: Council of 500 men, chosen by lot  Courts: Juries (varied in size), but no attorneys nor appeals  Pericles: BCE (rule)—paid officials, direct democracy (not representation) Gender inequality Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy

Parthenon and Lincoln Memorial

Theater at Epidarus, 350 BCE

Individualism: excellence in ability: can improve, create own destiny, ascribe success to self—not gods Reason: humans can solve problems of universe, explain cause and effect (rather than supernatural forces) Civic Humanism: citizens have political duty to serve Human perfection in art: heroic, public Alexander the Great: spreads Greek ideas (“Hellenization”) Athenian Democracy: Humanism

Sophocles, imitation of Greek Bronze, 4 th century BCE.

Discobolus (Roman copy of bronze original), 450 BCE

Plato versus Aristotle Plato Guardians=philosophers Don’t mix philosophers with cobblers and carpenters Oligarchy Aristotle Inequality  envy, hatred, violence Most should be middle class Government works best when no inequality and run by all people

Militaristic state: Peloponesian wars—struggle between Athens and Sparta. Later join under Delian League to defend against Persians (more than 140 cities). Sparta and Oligarchy

Unit IV: Faith and Empire in the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece, Rome and Monotheistic Belief Overview of Classical Greece, 2000—300 BCE Socrates killed for his ideas

Ancient Greece versus Jewish Gods Greek Gods Each had different human qualities Interacted with each other Jewish God Created humans in likeness of God Embodied understanding of good and evil Interact with humans

Ancient Greece: Birth of Democracy Solon, 594 BCE No citizen shall own another 4 social classes; top 3 hold office, all participate in assembly Any citizen could bring suit against other Cleisthenes, 500 BCE Organized citizens by district, not wealth All citizen could submit laws to assembly Council of 500: members chosen at random Citizens were male, Athenian property owners—women, slaves, foreigners excluded Golden Age of Athens, including Pericles, BCE Increase number of paid officials Direct democracy Leaders chosen by lot 3 Branches of government

Ancient Greece: Birth of Democracy Golden Age of Athens, including Pericles, BCE Increase number of paid officials Direct democracy Leaders chosen by lot 3 Branches of government Humanism: Law made by people, higher than any individual Civic Humanism: Responsibility to participate

Tragic-comedic depiction of Herakles slaying Bousiris, 470 BCE

Funerary statue, 525 BCE

The Poseidon of Artemision. Bronze. God about to hurl trident against adversary (Zeus?) BCE.

Empire of Alexander the Great and the spread of Hellenism, 4 th century BCE Alexandria, Egypt Ghandara region, India

Hellenism: the spread of Greek influence by Alexander the Great Language Libraries Art Trade Universities Science (astronomy, mathematics, physics, Literature Alexandria, Egypt

Classical Greek statue Classical Buddhist statue from India Buddha from Ghandara region of India Alexander the Great reached the Indus River in 326 BCE