Biodiversity, Cycle of Matter, Genetic variation, Flow of Energy Objective: Learn What Factors Make an Ecosystem More Stable Key Words: Biodiversity, Genetic Variation, GrasslandDesertRainforestForest Do Now: Write 4 factors that determine the stability in an ecosystem The more biodiversity present in an ecosystem the more stable the ecosystem is. Flow of Energy Cycle of Matter Genetic variation Biodiversity Stability

Community Interactions When organisms live together in ecological communities, they interact constantly.

Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time The competitive exclusion principle : No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Competition Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host

One organism captures and feeds another organism The organism that does the killing and eating is called the Predator The food organism is the Prey Predation Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host CheetahImpala

Symbiosis One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it Both species benefit from the relationship Many flowers depend on certain species of insects to pollinate them Small marine animals called barnacles, attach themselves to a whale’s skin Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Parasites: fleas, tapeworms, ticks, lice… obtain nutrients from another organism (Host) Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Two species live closely together

- - MutualismCommensalism Parasitism Predation Commensalism Parasitism Predation Competitions O + - Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host

Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host

Termites have cellulose-digesting microorganisms living in their digestive tracts. Without these microorganisms, termites could not get nutrients from the wood they eat. In turn, the termites, provide the microorganisms with food and a place to live. Mutualism Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host termites Cellulose-digesting microorganisms This type of relationship is know as ______________________________

Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host termites Cellulose-digesting microorganisms Pilot fish Nodules on the roots with bacteria Legumes, clover, alfalfa, peas Lichens tapeworm Clownfish Anemone

Pilot fish are small fish that live with sharks. They eat the scraps left over from the shark’s feeding. Thus, the shark provides the pilot fish with food. The pilot fish neither helps nor hurts the shark. Commensalism Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Pilot fish This type of relationship is know as ______________________________

Lichens consist of algal or blue-green bacterial and fungal cells. Both types of cells benefit from this association. It allows them to live in environments in which neither could survive alone. Through photosynthesis, the algae or blue- green bacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungi. The fungi provide moisture and the structural framework and attachment sites in which the algae or bacteria grow. Mutualism Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host This type of relationship is know as ______________ Lichens

Legumes, clover, alfalfa, peas, have nodules on their roots in which certain bacteria grow. The bacteria convert nitrogen gas from the air in the soil into forms usable by the plants. In this relationship, the plants are supplied with the nitrogen compounds they need, while the bacteria are given an environment in which they can grow and reproduce. Mutualism Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Nodules on the roots with bacteria This type of relationship is know as ______________ Legumes, clover, alfalfa, peas

Tapeworms live in the digestive tracts of various animals. There they are provided with nutrients and an environment in which to grow and reproduce. However the host is harmed by the presence of the tapeworms. The loss of nutrients and tissue damage caused by the worm can cause serious illness. Parasitism Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host tapeworm This type of relationship is know as ______________________________

Clownfish and anemone, each protects the other against predators. The fish is able to produce a special mucus that causes the anemone not to release its stings. In return for the anemone's protection, the fish brings scraps to it, and lures larger fish into the anemone's tentacles Mutualism Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Clownfish This type of relationship is know as ______________________________ Anemone

Hyena Vulture Raccoon Fleas Ticks Lice Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Scavenger, Parasite, Host, Omnivore, Saprophyte

FOOD NUTRIENTS SAPROPHYTES or DECOMPOSER Organisms that feed on dead an decaying organisms Ex: bacteria, fungi HERBIVORES Organisms that feed on plants and plants materials. Ex: cows, horses, sheep CARNIVORES Organisms that feed on other animals. Ex: wolves, lions, tigers PREDATORS Carnivores that kill and consume their prey. Ex: owls, wolves SCAVENGERS Carnivores that feed on dead animals that they find. Ex: buzzards, vultures, hyenas, raccoons OMNIVORES Animals that feed on both plants and animals. Ex: human, bear, pig PARASITES Organisms that attack other live organisms but not kill them. Ex: ticks, lice, fleas Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words : Scavenger, Parasite, Host, Omnivore, Saprophyte

Ant-aphid mutualism: the aphids are protected against predators by the ants who cultivate the aphids for their secretions of honeydew, a food source honeydew