Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick! Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Kindom Protizoa proto, first + zoo, animal Evolved from the Archae approx. 1.5 billion years ago Polyphyletic group- protists arose by way of more than one ancestral group Represents separate evolutionary lineages Plant like b/c autotrophic (produce their own food) Animal-Like b/c they are heterotrophic (feed upon other organisms) Today you will study phyla and animal like protists.

Animal-Like Protists 8-1 Fig. 8.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Animal-Like Protists Fig. 8.2 8-1

Chapter 8 Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa “Protist” Unicellular and Colonial Eukaryotes- any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

Protozoan Protist 8-2 Fig. 8.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Protozoan Protist Fig. 8.3 8-2 W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, © 1979.

Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa Fig. 8.4 8-3

Figure 8.5

Symbiotic lifestyles Symbiosis (Gr. Syn, with +bios, life) Parasitism- a form of symbiosis- organism lives in or on other (Host)

Some parasites have life cycles involving multiple hosts Definite host- harbors the sexual stages of the parasite Intermediate host- the offspring enter another host where they reproduce asexually, to complete lifecycle the final asexual stage must have access to a Definite host

Other kinds of symbiosis Don’t harm host Commensalisms- one member benefits Mutualism- both benefit

Flagellated Protozoa Flagellates are the ancestors of ameoboid protozoan Phytoflagellated (photosynthesizing) zooflagellated (particle feeding and parasitic)

Phytoflagellated Protozoa Chlorophyll (oxygen for marine life) One or two flagella These protozoans are large portion of the marine food i.e dinoflagellates Two flagellates, chlorophyll, xanthophyll (bloom=red tides) and results in fill kills (Red sea, bible)

Figure 8.6

Other Phytoflagellated Protozoa Euglena Freshwater phytoflagellated protozoa Chloroplast has a pyrenoid (synthesizes and stores carbohydrates) feed by absorption or are heterotrophic Stigma- photoreceptor at the base of the flagellum Haploid organisms and reproduce binary fission

Subphylum Mastigophora (cl. Phytomastigophora) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Structure of Euglena Fig. 8.7 Subphylum Mastigophora (cl. Phytomastigophora) 8-4

Zooflagellated Protozoa Lack chloroplast Heterotrophic Some members are important human parasites Species Trypanosoma brucei cause African sleeping sickness (Intermediate host- Tsetse flies )

Zooflagellated Protozoa Trypanosomes Tsetse fly picks up parasite from infected Multiply asexually in the gut of flies Infects other individuals Cause mental dullness and lack of coordination “Sleepiness” Death- Central Nervous System, cardiovascular, and malnutrition Curable if detected early

Figure 8.8 (a)

Figure 8.8 (b)

Amoeboid Protozoa Fig 8.10 Amoebozoan proteus

Study representatives of the following three Protista phyla: Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Mastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Sarcomastigophora Chars: Flagella, pseudopodia, or both; single type of nucleus; no spores formed. Subphylum Masigophora Chars: One or more Falgella Autotrophic (cl. Phytomastigophora) Heterotrophic (cl. Zoomastigophora) or both; Reproduction usually by fission

Freshwater phytomastigophoran Ponds and slow moving streams Study live protozoans using methylcellulose Observe Flagella using iodine potassium iodine (IKI)

Other Mastigophora Zoomastigophora- Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Trichomonas Trichonympha- Mastigophora Symbionts- Termite gut

Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei Fig. 8.9 8-6

Phytomstigophoran- Volvox shows colonial organization. Concave slide Culture Medium, cover slide no air pockets

Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate Fig. 8.8 8-5

Subphylum Sarcodina Chars: Pseudopodia, Flagella occasionally present (in developmental stages. The Amoebas Ameobas- common freshwater protist Lives on the bottom of ponds

Variations in Pseudopodia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Variations in Pseudopodia Fig. 8.10 8-7

Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea Fig. 8.11b 8-8

Other Sarcodina-“Not naked” sarcodines Arcella, Difflugia, and Actinospaerium and marine radiolarians and foraminifera form test. Test (shell) are protective structures that the cytoplasm secretes Test can be made of calcium carbonate, protein, silica or chitin (a polysaccharide) Test can be formed from sand grains, calcium carbonate and silica

Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata) Fig. 8.12 8-9

The Coccidea- Phylum Apicomplexa Chars: All parasites Apical complex used for penetrating host cells Lack cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive stages Coccidians or apicomplexans are named based upon the presence of apical complex

Most important Coccidians are members of the class Sporozoea Chars: intracellular parasites of animals Form spores or oocysts following sexual reproduction Complex life cycle that involve both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts Example- Plasmodium the sporozoan that causes malaria.

Fig 8.14 Life Cycle of Plasmodium Figure 8.14

Phylum Ciliophora Chars: Cilia, macronuclei, and micronuclei usually present Ciliates are the largest most complex and diverse group of the protozoans Nearly occupy all aquatic habitats Some are symbiotic Reproduction can be asexual through fission or sexual through conjugation

Ciliate (Paramecium) 8-12 Fig. 8.17b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ciliate (Paramecium) Fig. 8.17b 8-12

Figure 8.15 (a) Fig 8.15 The Ciliate paramecium

Figure 8.17

Fig 8.18 Suctroian feeding Figure 8.18

Conjugation in Paramecium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Conjugation in Paramecium Fig. 8.21 8-13

Example of a Ciliophora: Paramecium Common freshwater ciliate Observe live sample using methylcellulose solution Other Ciliophora: Colpidium, Vorticella and Stentor

Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships Fig. 8.22 8-14

Figure 8.20

Box Figure 8.1

EOC Figure The End