MYCORRHIZA

Mycorrhiza Mutualistic symbiosis (non-pathogenic association) between soil-borne fungi and roots of plants. Greek: mykes (mushroom) and rhiza (root) (Frank, 1885) The plant nourishes the fungus : C The fungus nourishes the plant : water and soil nutrition (P, N, K, Ca, Zn, Mn, S, etc)

Role of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth of Banana derived from tissue culture

Types of mycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza The fungus grows intercellularly (never intracellularly) in the cortex of plant’s root (so called Hartig net) Endomikoriza The fungus grows inter- and intracellularly and forms specific fungal structures within the corcical cells. Ectendomycorrhiza Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) Arbutoid Mycorrhiza Monotropoid Mycorrhiza Ericoid Mycorrhiza Orchid Mycorrhiza

Colonization structure

Structural and developmental features of roots

Morphology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)/ Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (Glomalean Fungi) Glomus sp. Scutellospora sp. Acaulospora sp. Vesicle (V), Arbuscule (A) and Entry Point (EP) EP

Cortical cell invaded by an arbuscule Plasma membrane Peri-arbuscular membrane Cell wall Arbuscule Interface Compartment Fungal cell wall Fungal membrane Interface Compartment

Ectomycorrhiza A = Eucalyptus B = Pinus C and D = Ectomycorrhizal root E and F = cross section of ectomycorrhizal root

Ecto- mycorr hiza Ectendo- mycorrhi za VAMArbutoidMonotropoidErikoidOrchid Fungi septate aseptate Hifa intra- selular Selubung hifa ++/ Jarungan Hartig Vesikula--+/----- Aklorofilus--- (+?)-+-+* Takson cendawan Basidio Asko Zigo Basidio Asko ZigoBasidio AskoBasidio Takson tumbuhan Gymno Angio Gymno Angio Bryo, Pteri Gymno Angio EricalesMonotropa- ceae Ericales Bryo Orchida ceae The characteristics of the important mycorrhizal type

Colonization Process VAM/AM

A = External mycelium in soil B = Fungal Structure - spore in soil - vesicle in root - auxiliary cell of hypha in soil C = Fungal structure in root VAM/AM

Colonization Process: Ectomycorrhiza

Ectomycorrhiza A = Eucalyptus B = Pinus C and D = ectomycorrhizal root E = Ectomycorrhizal root cross section : Angiosperm F = Ectomycorrhizal root cross section Gymnosperm

VAM Fungi Zigomycete: Glomales Obligate fungi Glomus Acaulospora Entrophospora Sclerocystis Gigaspora Scutellospora

Acaulospora dan Entrophosphora Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora Spore formation and spore-based taxonomy

Knobby auxiliary cells Scutellospora Spiny auxiliary cells GigasporaEntrophospora Glomus Acaulospora Arbuscules Extraradical auxiliary cells Spore in saccule nect Sporiferous saccule Spore lateral on saccule nect Spore terminal on sporogenous hypha Intraradical vesicles Phylogenetic trees for VAM fungi (Glomelian) Germination shield

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

Ascomycete Fungi *Ectomycorrhizal fungi A = Xylaria sp. B = Geoglossum glutinosum C = Aleria rhenana D = Peziza sp. E = Helvella sp.* F = Morchella elata G = Cordyceps sp. H = Elaphomyces sp.* I = Labyrinthomyces varius*

Basidiomycete:Agaricaceae *Ectomycorrhizal fungi A.Amanita sp. cf hemibapha* B.Amanita sp.* C.Amanita sp.* (vaginatae g.) D.Amanita muscaria * E.Amanita brunneibulbosa * F. Limmacella cf. illinata **

Function of mycorrhiza Increase nutrient uptake of plant from soil P nutrition and other elements: N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, S, B, Mo, Fe, Mn, Cl Increase diversity of plant Produce uniform seedling Significant role in nutrient recycling More tolerant to adverse soil chemical constraints which limit crop production Increase plant resistance to diseases and drought Stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms Improve soil structure Stable soil aggregate – hyphal polysaccharides bind and aggregate soil particles

Function of mycorrhiza in Nutrient uptake Increase the soil volume explore for nutrient upatake Enhance the efficiency of nutrient absorption from the soil solution P concentration in the soil solution is very low in tropical soils the soil around the growing root is rapidlydepleted of P ions within a distance of few mm Soil P diffusion rate is extremely slow Mycorrhizal external mycelium grows far beyond P depletion zone Influence by soil fertility particularly P Determined by host dependency on mycorrhizal fungi Mycotrophic Obligate mycotrophic plant Facultative mycotrophic plant Non-mycotrophic Non-host:

Non-host Amaranthaceae, Brasicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Commelinaceae, Lecythidaceae, Portolaceae, Proteaceae, Restionaceae, Sapotaceae, Zygophyllaceae Within some plant families in which almost all genera or species are non- mycotrophic, there are a few mycorrhizal Within some plant families in which almost all genera or species are mycotrophic, there are a few non-mycorrhizal, Leguminoceae are mycotrophic except Lupinus. Importance for management of mycorrhizal fungi No definitive explanation on the resistance of the plants to funag infection Genetic Specific site adaptation Cyperaceae groows under flooded, anaerobic soils condition Certain compound Lupinus spp.--- glucosinolate?

Volume of soil explored by 1 cm-long root with and without mycorrhiza

Benefit from symbiosis is low Benefit from symbiosis is high

P fertilizer mycorrhiza Non-mycorrhiza Insoluble inorganic P soluble interchangeable “pool of available PO 4 chemical fixation solubilization Biomass microbes Organic P mineralization

Effect of P on mycorrhizal fungi development

RESPON MAKSIMUM Biomass production of plant without (unbroken line) and with mycorrhiza (broken line) Obligate Facultative Low respond High respond

Effect of P and light intensity on mycorrhizal development High light, low P High light, +P Low light, low P Low light, +P

VAM/AM Endomycorrhiza Inter- and intracellular colonization Cross section MA. PH: hyphal penetration, A: arbuscule, V: vesicle, D: digested arbuscule by plant, S: spore dan sporocarp, HE : external mycelium D V A S PH HE

Carbon metabolism Fungal derived carbon from host plant photosynthesis Obtained as glucose and fructose Fructose metabolite to manitol dan glucose to trehalose trehalosa (fungal carbon compounds). Plant can not metabolize fungal carbon compound