Communication methodologies for hard-of-hearing children The Oral vs. Manual debate By: Kaylin Carswell

Manual education- Teaches children to communicate using sign language. Oral education- Teaching the deaf or hard-of-hearing to rely on speech reading, body language/expressions, gestures and their residual hearing for receptive language. Individuals using this method learn to speak to express themselves.

History of Sign Langauge & Oralism Ponce De Leon Abb de L’Epe “father of sign language” Sign language “natural language of the deaf” Samuel Heinicke “father of oralism”

History of Sign Language in America 1817 Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc First school for the deaf in Hartford in 1817

History of Sign Language in America For the next 63 years sign language was the primary method used to educate the deaf 1864 National Deaf Mute College Gallaudet University -DPN Movement (1988) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKnF9CCYQPQ

Sign Education vs Oral Education Conference of Milan 1880 Sign Education vs Oral Education

End to the trend…. Oral method is superior Within 10 years only ¼ of teachers educating the deaf were deaf themselves Within the next 20 years only 1/5 of total teachers educating the deaf were deaf Sign forbidden

Oralism in America 1867 New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes -Lexington School for the Deaf Northampton, Massachusetts Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes -Clarke School for the Deaf/Center for Oral Education

Oralism 1872 1890 School started in Boston by Alexander Graham Bell American Assoc. to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, Inc. -Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf

1960s Sign Language Structure by William Stokoe Civil rights movement American Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 Sign Language Structure by William Stokoe Proclaimed American Sign Langauge was: -real langauge -unique from English -own grammar and syntax Babbidge Report “oral education was a “dismal failure””

Oralism Sign Language *Academics *Human rights *Assimilation *Social emotional benefits *Deaf Culture

Oralism and Education Qualified teachers ADA & IDEA New Technology Higher education

Common goals among oral programs Early detection of hearing loss Amplification & intervention Parent involvement in child’s education The use of residual hearing Emphasizing speech without sign language for communication

http://www.oraldeafed.org/movies/index.html

Oralism and Assimilation Avoidance of rejection, segregation, and pain Included and accepted by the hearing population Ease of communication

Sign Language and social-emotional benefits Accepting who they are Whole Complete not “broken” Strong sense of identity Deaf culture

Sign Language and exercising human rights Free to practice the natural law to preserve their nature ADA and IDEA laws Users don’t have to jeopardize their self-respect or fear discrimination

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hb26YF6Bw9U&feature=related

Medical Model of Deafness Vs. Cultural Model of Deafness

Medical Model Cultural Model Functional disorder that needs to be fixed Handicapped Called deaf Use of Oral methods Linguistic minority with distinct language & culture Difference Considered deaf Use of ASL

Total Communication Blending several methods together to educate the deaf Can include: -fingerspelling -sign language -speech -speech reading -writing -facial expressions -hearing devices

“NO One has one right way to raise a deaf child, any more than anyone has one right way to raise a hearing child.  The politics involved in deaf education are nauseating and who suffers the most in the end are the children themselves.” ~Sherri Kowertz

???????????????????? Questions

1. Oral education includes all but which of the following? speech reading sign language residual hearing speech b. sign language

2. Who is known as “the father of sign language?” Ponce De leon Samuel heinicke Abb de L’Epe Laurent Clerc c. Abb de L’epe

3. When was sign language brought to America? 1825 1817 1901 2010 b. 1817

4. Who brought sign language to America? Samuel Heinicke Dr. Elangovan Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc Alexander Graham Bell c. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc

5. Users of ASL typically______ Accept they are handicap Look at themselves as needing to be fixed Accept themselves for who they are, not what others want them to be Have low self-esteem c. Accept themselves for who they are, not what others want them to be

6. The Milan Conference of 1880 decided _____________ To abolish deaf education Sign language should be the primary method of education Deaf individuals had the right to choose what method of education they wanted The oral method was superior to the manual method of deaf education d. The oral method was superior to the manual method of deaf education

The Civil Rights Movement William Stokoe’s Sign Language Structure 7. ASL started to emerge as an accepted method of education in the 1960s due to which of the following? The Milan Conference The Civil Rights Movement William Stokoe’s Sign Language Structure Both b and c d. Both b and c

8. Those who support sign language highly value______ Academics Social-emotional benefits Integration into sociey New Technology b. Social-emotional benefits

9. The cultural model views deafness as ____________ A functional disorder that needs to be fixed A linguistic minority with a distinct language A handicap Both b & c b. A linguistic minority with a distinct language

10. Total communication involves_____ Speech reading Sign language Hearing devices All of the above d. All of the above

Through deaf eyes video GREAT JOB

References Hunt, N. & Marshall, K. Exceptional Children and Youth. (2006). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Baker, K. “Oral Communication versus American Sign Language.” Accessed on 20 April 2010. http://www.drury.edu/multinl/story.cfm?ID=9901&NLID=166 http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/The-Condensed-History-Of-Sign-Language/403854 http://www.listen-up.org/edu/options1.htm http://my.gallaudet.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/Deaf%2520Eyes%2520Exhibit/Language-06oralschool.htm http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes -http://www.aslinfo.com/gallaudet.cfm http://my.gallaudet.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/Deaf%2520Eyes%2520Exhibit/Language-06oralschool.htm