Memory Chapter Nine

What is Memory?  Maintenance of learning over time What good is remembering if you can’t recall it? Declarative, Procedural, Episodic  Flashbulb Memories Information Processing  Encoding  Storage  Retrieval  Sensory Memory  Short-Term Memory  Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory  Short-Term Memory  Long-Term Memory

Encoding  Automatic (Implicit) vs. Effortful (Explicit) ProcessingImplicit Rehearsal Effects  Maintenance Rehearsal Maintenance Rehearsal  Interference  Elaborative Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal  Ebbinghaus  Forgetting Curve Forgetting Curve  How we encode Distributed Rehearsal  Spacing Effect Serial Position Effect  Primacy and Recency Effect  Graph Graph

What we encode  Semantic Encoding Organizing  Chunking Chunking  Hierarchies Hierarchies  Acoustic Encoding  Visual Encoding Mnemonics  Peg Word Mnemonic

Storage  Sensory Memory Iconic Memory  Eidetic Memory Echoic Memory  Short-Term Memory Miller’s Magic Number 7+2  Maintenance Rehearsal  Long-Term Memory Effectively Limitless

Retrieval  Recognition vs. Recall Retrieval cues  Tip-of-the-Tongue Tip-of-the-Tongue  Semantic priming Context Effects  Context Dependent Memory State Effects  State Dependent Memory  Mood Congruent Memories  Stroop Effect Stroop Effect

Biology of Memory  “Memory is Reconstructive Not Reproductive” Lashley (1950)  Removed cortex of rat’s who had learned a maze Penfield (1969)  Motor Cortex stimulation Doty (1998)  Memory “defies comprehension”  Synaptic Changes Aplysia – release of serotonin Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)  more receptors more NT

More Bio  Stress Hormones  Release of these hormones improves memory  Flashbulb memory  Implicit (Procedural) & Explicit (Declarative) Memories  Oliver Sacks  Jimmie & Anterograde Amnesia  These people can learn procedures, but not recall learning them!!  Yes, this is Memento!  Retrograde Amnesia

Brain Structures and Memory  Hippocampus  Lateralized like the Hemispheres!!  Amygdala  Frontal Lobes  Coordinate various structures  Cerebellum  Thompson et al  Found path from Cerebellum to brainstem for creating an association

Forgetting  Schacter’s Seven Principles  Forgetting  Absent-Mindedness (Inattention)  Transience (Decay)  Blocking (Tip of the Tongue)  Distortion  Misattribution  Suggestibility (Loftus) Suggestibility  Bias  Intrusion  Persistence (NOT being able to block out a painful memory)

Forgetting  Encoding Failure  Pennies, Letters on the Phone etc...  Storage Decay Storage Decay  Ebbinghaus (1885)  Retrieval Failure  Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference  Repression?

Memory Construction  Memory Is Reconstructive NOT Reproductive Misinformation Effect Imagination Effect False Memory Syndrome (FMS) False Memory Syndrome  False Memories actually “light up” different parts of the brain!!  Hippocampus lights up equally – actual memories light up the left temporal lobe, but false memories did not!!  Eileen Franklin Children and Memory Accuracy