1 Listening Listening 7: Inter-Act, 13 th Edition 7: Inter-Act, 13 th Edition

2 We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we speak. ~ Epictetus (55 AD – 135 AD)

3 Listening Listening makes up 42-60% of our communication. Writing Speaking Reading

Listening Styles Content-oriented: prefer to focus on facts and evidence People-oriented: prefer to focus on conversational partners and their feelings Action-oriented: prefer to focus on point speaker is trying to make Time-oriented: prefer brief and swift conversations 4

5 Listening Apprehension Fear of misinterpretation Fear of the psychological affect of the message

Dual Processes in Listening Listening vs. Hearing Passive listening: effortless, thoughtless, and habitual process Active listening: skillful, intentional, deliberate, and conscious process 6

7 Listening Attending Understanding Remembering Critically Evaluating Responding The process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages Slides with definitions to follow.

8 Attending The process of willfully striving to perceive selected sounds that are being heard  Get physically and mentally ready to listen.  Make the shift from speaker to listener a complete one.  Resist tuning out.  Avoid interrupting.

Acknowledging the Speaker 9

10 Understanding Process of accurately decoding a message so that you share its meaning with the speaker  Identify the speaker’s purpose and key points.  Observe nonverbal cues.  Ask clarifying questions.  Paraphrase what you heard.

Reflecting Back and Paraphrasing 11

12 Paraphrase the following statements to reflect both the thoughts and feelings of the person speaking: 1.“I really like communication, but what could I do with a major in this field?” 2.“I don’t know if Pat and I are getting too serious too fast.” 3.“You can borrow my car, if you really need to, but please be careful with it. I can’t afford any repairs and if you have an accident, I won’t be able to drive to D.C. this weekend.”

Remembering Reasons we fail to remember We filter out messages We listen anxiously or passively We remember “easy” or “desirable” messages We forget the middle  Primacy effect  Recency effect Using repetition to remember Repeat two, three, four times Create mnemonics Take notes 13 Process of moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory

14 Mnemonics Any artificial technique used as a memory aid For example: take the first letter of a list you are trying to remember and create a word HOMES (the five Great Lakes) Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior nə-mänik

Some Types of Mnemonics 15 Create a word/acronym: HOMES, AWOL, RSVP Create a memorable sentence with the first letter of each word: Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move Create a rhyme: I before E except after C Create a song/poem: “30 Days Hath September, April June and November...” Create a visual representation… (next slide)

Create a Visual Representation 16 George Vales

Create a Visual Representation 17 George Vales Vales = Whales

A Bad Mnemonic Device 18

19 Note Taking Take notes when you are listening to complex information. Brief outline:  Overall idea  Main points  Key developmental material

20 Critically Evaluating Information Separate facts from inferences  Fact – a verifiable statement  Inference – a conclusion drawn from facts Probe for information

Responding Process of providing feedback to your partner’s message  Back-channel cues: verbal and nonverbal signals demonstrating listener response to the speaker  Reply when message is complete  Respond to the previous message before changing the subject 21

Digital Communication Literacy 22

Digital Communication Literacy Extra effort is required to understand digital messages. Critically evaluate social media messages to separate facts from inferences. Recognize underlying motives, values, ideologies. Digital messages should not completely replace face-to-face communication. 23