7.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWAREDESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMSEXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTIONEXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTION ANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION LANGUAGESANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION LANGUAGES DESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTDESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUESIDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUES* 7.2

SOFTWARE HARDWARE HARDWARE OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERS COMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE DATA 7.4 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; “FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

TRANSLATION PROCESS SOURCE CODE PROGRAM COMPILER OBJECT CODE LINKAGE EDITOR LOAD MODULE OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES 7.12

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) OPERATING SYSTEM USES: GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes)GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes) MOUSEMOUSE TO ISSUE COMMANDSTO ISSUE COMMANDS MAKE SELECTIONSMAKE SELECTIONS* 7.13

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES * 7.16

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERSCAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS NONPROCEDURALNONPROCEDURAL CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLYCAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY NATURAL LANGUAGESNATURAL LANGUAGES SIX CATEGORIESSIX CATEGORIES* 7.20

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 1. QUERY LANGUAGES: rapidly retrieve datarapidly retrieve data interactive/ on-lineinteractive/ on-line may use NATURAL LANGUAGEmay use NATURAL LANGUAGE support special requests for data from relational databasessupport special requests for data from relational databases* 7.21

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 2. REPORT GENERATORS: create customized reportscreate customized reports wide range of formatswide range of formats 3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES: can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videoscan manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos presentation managerspresentation managers* 7.22

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 4. APPLICATION GENERATORS: user specifies computer needsuser specifies computer needs generator creates logic and code for applicationgenerator creates logic and code for application greatly reduces development timegreatly reduces development time* 7.23

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: professional programmer productivity toolprofessional programmer productivity tool uses fewer instructionsuses fewer instructions reduces development timereduces development time* 7.24

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: commercially available set of programs... WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION MANAGEMENTPRESENTATION MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE * 7.25

SOFTWARE TOOLS WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION GRAPHICSPRESENTATION GRAPHICS INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITESINTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES WEB BROWSERSWEB BROWSERS GROUPWAREGROUPWARE* 7.26

GROUP WRITING & COMMENTINGGROUP WRITING & COMMENTING ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTIONELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULING MEETINGS, APPOINTMENTSSCHEDULING MEETINGS, APPOINTMENTS SHARED FILES & DATABASESSHARED FILES & DATABASES SHARED TIMELINES, PLANSSHARED TIMELINES, PLANS ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCESELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCES* GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES 7.27

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECTCOMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDUREPROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEMOBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM CREATES REUSABLE CODECREATES REUSABLE CODE REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWAREREDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE* 7.28

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay Check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker * 7.29

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTIONAPPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORKAPPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEMRUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PCRESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADEONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE* 7.30

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING ActiveX: CONTROLS FOR WINDOWS SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT to enable OBJECTS: e.g., CHARTSCHARTS TABLESTABLES ANIMATIONSANIMATIONS to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGEto be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE* 7.31