MEMORY

Introduction Memory - the ability to retain information over time through three processes: Encoding - getting information in Storing - retaining Retrieving - getting it back out

Activity 1 - Stare at the picture for one minute Activity 1 - Stare at the picture for one minute. When instructed to do so, turn that page over and answer the questions from the “memory quiz.”

A. Three Types of Memory Objectives 6.1; 6.2; 6.3 1. Information Processing Model (or, 3 stage processing) Sensory Memory Working (Short-Term) Memory Long-Term Memory

Info-Processing Model - Graphic Retrieval Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Encode Encode Forgotten Forgotten

B. Sensory Memory Initial process that holds incoming information for an instant to several seconds Functions Prevents being overwhelmed Gives decision time Provides stability, playback and recognition 3. 2 types Iconic - visual Echoic - auditory

Memorize! Look at each of the following for 20 seconds. When I say stop, write down what you remember. 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 T X W M K Y R K L

C. Short Term Memory: Working 1. Definition Hold limited amount of info: 7 items for 2 to 30 seconds 2. Two features Limited duration & capacity Maintenance rehearsal - intentionally repeating or rehearsing

3. Interference 4. Chunking When new info enters short-term memory and pushes out info that is already there 4. Chunking Combining separate items of info into a larger unit, or chunk

5. Functions of short-term memory Attending Selectively attend to info that is relevant Rehearsing Hold info for a short period of time Storing Helps encode info into long-term memory

Activity 2 Follow the instructions on the sheet provided to you - no talking! Then listen to the following statements.

Practice Quiz The initial kind of memory which holds information in a “raw” form for a few seconds is called: Short-term memory Sensory memory Chunking memory Long-term memory

2. Iconic memory is a form of sensory memory which holds: a. auditory information b. visual information c. general knowledge, facts & definitions d. knowledge about performing motor skills

3. An unlimited amount of information can be stored in: a. sensory memory b. long-term memory c. working memory d. echoic memory

4. Short-term memory is also referred to as: a. working memory b. sensory memory c. semantic memory d. long-term memory

5. A main reason information disappears from short-term memory is: a. interference b. lack of rehearsal c. lack of motivation d. low intelligence

Sour Nice Candy Honey Sugar Soda Bitter Chocolate Good Heart Taste Cake Tooth Tart Pie

D. Long-Term Memory: Storing Process of storing almost unlimited amount of info over long periods of time Potential to retrieve (remember) Need encoding and retrieval Primacy-recency effect

2. Types of Long-term memory Declarative Semantic - Knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions and language rules Episodic - Knowledge of specific event, personal experiences or activities Procedural (nondeclarative) Memories for motor skills, some cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning

F. Encoding: Transferring 1. Two kinds of encoding a. Automatic encoding w/o effort and usually w/o awareness What did you eat for breakfast today? Was the last time you studied during the day or night? You know the meanings of these very words you are reading. Are you actively trying to process the definition of the words?

b. Effortful encoding working hard to rehearse info or by making associations between new & old info Memorizing your notes for your upcoming exams Repeating a phone number in you head until you can write it down

c. Rehearsing & Encoding Maintenance rehearsal - repeating w/o new associations Elaborative rehearsal - using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new & old info

Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded d. Levels of processing Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded Shallow processing: poor recall Deeper and deepest processing: encode by making new associations

G. Repressed Memories Process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious minds Controversy: Implanting false memories: Elizabeth Loftus’ research

H. Cultural Diversity

I. Unusual Memories 1. Photographic memory 2. Flashbulb memory Eidetic imagery: occurs in children 2. Flashbulb memory Encoded effortlessly & in great detail

What are the 20 digits of pi?

The amount of information that can be processed in working memory is typically increased through: a. mood convergence b. chunking c. elaborative rehearsal d. free recall

2. Working memory performs three functions 2. Working memory performs three functions. Which of the following is NOT among the three functions? a. holds information for a short period of time b. promotes storage in long-term memory c. selectively attend to information that is relevant d. provides a location for network nodes

3. Carlos memorizes a list of 10 grocery items that he needs to buy later that day at SuperOne supermarket. When at the grocery store, he will have the greatest difficulty remembering the: a. ones in the middle of the list b. first one on the list c. last item d. next to last item

4. Cultures that value oral traditions tend to perform better on memory tasks that require encoding of information: a. organized in hierarchies b. presented as part of a play or drama c. presented rapidly d. presented orally

5. Create a network hierarchy.

Module 12: Remembering & Forgetting

A. Organization of Memories Network theory of memory organization theory says that we store related ideas in separate categories, or files, called nodes a. Associations linking of nodes together by making associations between new and old information b. Network thousands of interconnected nodes, which form an enormous cognitive network for arranging and storing files

c. Organization of network hierarchy Arranging memory files (nodes) so that general information is broken down into more specific info Create a personal example in your notes

B. Forgetting Curves Unfamiliar and uninteresting Familiar and interesting

C. Reasons for Forgetting 1. Overview: forgetting inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory Repression

C. Reasons for Forgetting 2. How do we forget? a. poor retrieval cues/poor encoding retrieval cues are mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images or creating associations between new & old information

b. Interference recall of some particular memory is blocked by other related memories Proactive interference occurs when old information (learned earlier) WORKS FORWARD to block or disrupt the remembering of related new information (learned later) Retroactive interference occurs when new information (learned later) WORKS BACKWARD to block or disrupt the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier)

c. Amnesia The Rumor Chain d. Distortion may be temporary or permanent, is loss of memory that may occur after a blow or damage to the brain or after disease The Rumor Chain d. Distortion we misremember something due to memory distortions caused by bias or suggestibility Schema - a mental category or construct

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Retrieval cues mental reminders that you create by forming vivid mental images of information, or associating new information with information that you already know Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refers to having a strong feeling that a particular word can be recalled, but despite making a great effort, we are temporarily unable to recall this particular information

D. Biological Bases of Memory http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-11/memory/brain-interactive.html

E. Mnemonics: Memorization Methods Method of Loci Let’s take a walk around the house! Peg Method One = bun Two = shoe Four = door Five = hive Six = sticks Seven = heaven Eight = gate Nine = vine Ten = hen