Shelby County ATC Sherry Allen, RN

Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood: Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration). Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from cellular respiration). Homeostatic Role: – Regulates blood pH. – Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

Ventilation – exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries Breathing largely involuntary activity

All cells require oxygen for metabolism All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide Gas exchange at cellular level Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

upper respiratory tract – nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea lower respiratory tract – bronchial tree and lungs

nasal cavity nasal septum mucous membrane – mucus – cilia – olfactory receptors

Nasopharynx – Posterior to the nose – Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils Oropharynx – Posterior to the mouth – Palatine tonsils Laryngopharynx – Superior to the larynx

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.

Also known as the voice box Glottis (vocal apparatus) – vocal bands or vocal cords

Windpipe or airway Mucous membrane lining with cilia Smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings divides into two branches: – Right bronchi – Left bronchi

Bronchus, singular C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle Each bronchi divides into bronchioles Terminate in air sacs called alveoli

Resembles a small balloon as it expands and contracts with the flow of air CO2 diffuses from the blood in the capillaries, enters the alveoli, and is exhaled On inspiration, O2 diffuses from the alveoli to enter the capillaries

thoracic thorax mediastinum – heart – aorta – esophagus – bronchi – thymus

Right-3 lobesLeft-2 lobes Lungs trachea

each lung enclosed in pleura parietal pleura (inner) visceral pleura (outer) pleural space or pleural cavity lubricating fluid

muscle separating chest and abdomen inspiration, diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space – air flows in expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space – air flows out phrenic nerve

External respiration - exchange of gases in lungs Internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues Ventilation - movement of air – One inspiration and one exhalation = one Ventilation Adult normal breaths per minute (bpm)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD – Term used to describe any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the ariways Dyspnea-Difficulty breathing Bradypnea – less than 12 bpm Tachypnea-greater than 20 bpm

Asthma – usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen – Bronchospasms –narrow the opening of the bronchioles, productive cough, tightness in the chest – mucolytics, bronchodilators Chronic Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi & bronchiole tubes – mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain – expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids Emphysema- noninfectious, chronic; walls of the alveoli deteriorate & lose their elasticity. Co2 remains trapped in the alveoli (suffocating feeling) – barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea, can lead to respiratory failure and death

Acute infectious respiratory disease; highly contagious Viral Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia, sore throat Avoid aspirin in children

Pleurisy – Inflammation of the pleura or membranes of the lungs  Usually occurs with pneumonia or other lung infections  Symptoms: sharp stabbing pain while breathing, crepitation, dyspnea and fever  If fluid collects – thoracentesis can be done

Infectious, highly communicable disease aerosol transmission primary tuberculosis, tubercles immunocompromised effects other organ systems drug resistant strains

 Inflammation or infection of the lungs – fluid in alveoli  lobar, bilateral Hemoptyisis  Pneumocystis carinii lavage

Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands systemic involvement – lungs, pancreas, digestive tract Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles Gas exchange impaired

Surfactant – decreases the surface tension of the alveoli – needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Primary Pulmonary Cancer Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS common site: epithelium of bronchi – bronchogenic carcinoma – masses form and block air passages – metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney

Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords.

Upper Respiratory Infection – common cold Inflammation of the mucus membranes Caused by viruses and are highly contagious No cure last 7-10 days

 Internist  Perfusionist  Respiratory Therapist  Respiratory Therapy Technician  Thoracic Surgeon