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Global Burden of Disease Perspectives in Global Health N420/WS432

Definition of Health

“ A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

How can we measure “health”? CharlesFred, flickr

Components of a measure of health of a community Morbidity Mortality Disability Age Gender Region

Measuring the Burden of Disease

Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) “a unit for measuring the amount of health lost because of a particular disease or injury. It is calculated as the present value of future years of disability free life that are lost as the result of the premature deaths or causes of disability occurring in a particular year.” A measure of premature deaths and losses due to illness and disabilities in a population.

DALY Developed by the WHO Uses the “healthiest” possible population as the standard Most common measurement used to measure the burden of disease in a country Takes into account years of life lost If a person can expect to live until 80 years old and dies of a heart attack at 40 years of age – lost 40 years of life Takes into account disabilities How chronic diseases such as diabetes or TB contribute to disability

Global Burden of Disease Leading causes of illness, disability & death in the world How do they vary by age, sex, ethnicity, and SES

The Global Burden of Disease Causes of death for low- and middle-income countries: - Non-communicable diseases (54 %) - Communicable diseases (36%) - Injuries (10 %) Causes of death for high-income countries: - Non-communicable diseases (87%) - Injuries (7.5 %) - Communicable diseases (5.7%)

The Global Burden of Disease Leading causes of DALYs for low- and middle- income countries: - Perinatal conditions - Lower respiratory infections - Ischemic heart disease Leading causes of DALYs for high-income countries: - Ischemic heart disease - Cerebrovascular disease - Unipolar depressive disorders

Developing Nations to Get Clean-Burning Stoves Using a primitive stove in Koluha, India. An alliance that includes the United States wants to replace 100 million stoves by Source: NY Times article by JOHN M. BRODER Published: September 20, 2010, available at Chef Cooke, flickr

Measuring the Burden of Disease

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) A health expectancy measure Summarizes the expected number of years to be lived in the equivalent of good health Calculated by WHO using a standard methodology Years of ill health are weighted according to severity and subtracted from overall life expectancy Years of life are weighted life by health status

Life Expectancy at Birth and HALE Country Life Expectancy/Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (Females) Afghanistan Bangladesh Cambodia Canada China Denmark Ghana Haiti Niger U.S. 42/ / / /74 74/ / / / / /71.3

Trends Life expectancy has improved in all regions of the world since 1990, except in Europe and Central Asia and in Sub-Saharan Africa Communicable diseases will continue to be very important to the burden of disease in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

6/6/11

Trends In LIC and MIC Rural people will be less healthy than urban people Disadvantaged ethnic minorities will be less healthy than majority populations Women will suffer a number of conditions that relate to their relatively weak social positions Poor people will be less healthy than better off people Uneducated people will be less healthy than better educated people

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

Cardiovascular Disease

Other Burden of Disease Breakdowns of Importance Causes of death/DALYs by region Causes of death/DALYs by age Causes of death/DALYs by sex

Example from the Field

Ten Leading Causes of the Burden of Disease in sub-Saharan Africa IllnessPercentage of DALYs HIV/AIDS Malaria Lower respiratory infections Diarrheal disease Perinatal conditions Measles Tuberculosis Road traffic accidents Pertussis Malnutrition

Additional Source Information for more information see: Slide 6, Image 1: CharlesFred, "The African way", flickr, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0, Slide 15, Image 1: Chef Cooke, " _099", flickr, CC: BY- NC-SA 2.0,