Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 0 Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 5 Digestive System Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 2 Learning Objectives  Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.  Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.  Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Chapter 5 Lesson 5.1 Background Assessment What is the difference between the small and large intestine? What are the three functions of the digestive system? Describe each function.

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Introduction Digestive or gastrointestinal system performs three main functions:  digestion  absorption  elimination

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Organs of the Digestive System  The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Anatomy of a tooth

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Salivary glands

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Pharynx Deglutition

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Small Intestine Parts of the small intestine

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Small Intestine (cont’d.) Villi in the lining of the small intestine

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.) Bilirubin pathway from bloodstream to elimination in feces

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.) Besides producing bile and releasing bilirubin, the liver:  helps maintain normal blood glucose levels  manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting  removes toxins and poisons from the blood

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.) The pancreas and its functions

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Food Pathway through the GI Tract

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology Examples of Combining Forms Combining FormMeaningTerminology bucc/ocheekbuccal mucosa celi/obelly, abdomenceliac dent/ltoothdentibuccal esophag/oesophagusesophageal sialaden/osalivary glandsialadenitis

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.) Three types of anastomoses

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.) Examples of Suffixes SuffixMeaningTerminology -aseenzymelipase -cheziadefecationhematochezia -iasisabnormal condition choledocholithiasis -prandialmealpostprandial

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Chapter 5 Lesson 5.2 Critical Thinking ? Frank, who is 72 yr. old, comes into the ER department with rectal bleeding. What could be the problem? What dietary changes can reduce the risk of this problem?

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Critical Thinking ? Alexandra has chronic heartburn. What could be causing the heartburn? What is the name for the condition? What can be done to treat it? What could happen if it isn’t treated?

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Pathology of the Digestive System Examples of symptoms:  anorexia - lack of appetite  eructation - gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth  steatorrhea - fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter  ascites - abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Pathological Conditions Oral Cavity and Teeth  aphthous stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers  dental caries - tooth decay

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Pathological Conditions (cont’d.) Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  esophageal varices - swollen, varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach  gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Pathological Conditions (cont’d.) Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  achalasia - failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Pathological Conditions (cont’d.) Lower Gastrointestinal Tract  colonic polyposis - polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon  diverticulosis - abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Pathological Conditions (cont’d.) Lower Gastrointestinal Tract  anal fistula - abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus  colonic polyposis

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Pathological Conditions (cont’d.) Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas  cirrhosis - chronic degenerative disease of the liver  viral hepatitis - inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Pathological Conditions (cont’d.) Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas  cholelithiasis - gallstones in the gallbladder