Take Five  What is culture? Give an example.  What is the difference between culture & society or ethnicity?

Unit #1 Chp 4: Human Geography: People & Places

The elements of culture  Culture: the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a group of people and passed on to another generation  Society: a group that shares a geographic region, sense of identity and culture  Ethnic group: a group of people that have common language, customs & heritage

How can a culture be shared or spread?  Innovations—taking resources or other technologies and turning it into something new  Diffusion—spread of ideas and inventions  Cultural hearth—site where innovative technique emerged  Acculturation—when a society changes when it adopts an innovation from another society

Wally Points…  What is an example of diffusion today?  What is an example of acculturation today?

Languages  Languages help to identify a group of people in a culture  There are 3,000-6,500 language spoken world wide  All languages have been categorized into different language families  Versions of languages are known as dialects

Language Families

Take Five  (1-2)Using the graph of pg 74 answer the skill builder questions.  (3) Name 5 different dialects.

The Role of Religion in Culture  Religion is defined as a belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators and maintainers of the universe –Monotheistic—belief in 1 god –Polytheistic—belief in many gods –Animistic—belief in nature gods (sun, moon, river etc)

Major World Religions  Judaism—the oldest monotheistic religion, established approx. 3,200 years ago, beliefs are written in the Torah  Christianity—evolved from the teachings of Judaism around 2,000 years ago. Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and spread through disciples (followers of Christ) and missionaries. Beliefs are written in the Bible. Worship 1 God.  Islam—Based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. Began around 613 AD. Monotheistic and worship Allah. Beliefs written in the Koran (Qur’an)—divisions: Sunni & Shiite  Hinduism--

Religions of the World

World Religions  · Christianity: 2 billion Christianity  · Islam: 1.3 billion Islam  · Hinduism: 900 million Hinduism  · Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: 850 million Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist  · Buddhism: 360 million Buddhism  · Chinese traditional religion: 225 million Chinese traditional religionChinese traditional religion  · primal-indigenous: 150 million primal-indigenous  · African Traditional & Diaspora: 95 million African Traditional & DiasporaAfrican Traditional & Diaspora  · Sikhism: 23 million Sikhism  · Juche: 19 million Juche  · Spiritism: 14 million Spiritism  · Judaism: 14 million Judaism  · Baha'i: 6 million Baha'i  · Jainism: 4 million Jainism  · Shinto: 4 million Shinto  · Cao Dai: 3 million Cao DaiCao Dai  · Tenrikyo: 2.4 million Tenrikyo  · Neo-Paganism: 1 million Neo-Paganism  · Unitarian-Universalism: 800 thousand Unitarian-Universalism  · Rastafarianism: 700 thousand Rastafarianism  · Scientology: 600 thousand Scientology  · Zoroastrianism: 150 thousand Zoroastrianism

Populations of the World

Section 2: Population Geography  Population geographers study birth rates, fertility rates, mortality rates, infant-mortality rates, and other statistics  In order to replace the current rates of population, our fertility rates would need to be 2.1—today the average rate is 3.0

Wally Points…  What factors have caused our population to reach over 6 billion?  In 2000, which areas had the highest and lowest birth rates? P 78  How is the rate of natural increase determined? P 79

Population Pyramid

Population Distribution  2/3’s of the world’s population live between 20 0 N and 60 0 N  ½ are living in rural areas –Push-pull factors  Reasons why people leave one area in favor of another  There are 2 megacities –Tokyo 28 million people –Population density—estimated 80% will live in urban areas by 2080

Tokyo

Wally Points…  Are more skyscrapers the answer for megacities? Why or why not?  What about natural disasters?

Section 3: Political geography  State-an area (country) that governs its own internal and external affairs independent of another  Nation-a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity  Nation-state-a country and group occupy the same territory  Stateless nation-when a group of people do not have a territory

Types of Government  Democracy  Monarchy –Theocracy  Dictatorship  Socialism  Communism

Geographic Characteristics of a Nation  Size, shape and relative location  National boundaries—based on physical land features –Landlocked countries  Artificial boundaries—lines of latitude and longitude, but basically invisible

Section 4: Urban Geography—the study of how people use space in cities  Cities, metropolitan areas, suburbs –Geographers study land use patterns (i.e. residential, industrial or commercial)  Trend towards urbanization –Shopping, entertainment, government facilities, cultural events, public parks –Mass transit: trains, trolleys, buses, taxi, subways etc –Problems…

Not so far fetched “skyscraper farms” & cities within skyscrapers

Section 5: Economic Geography-production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people  Types of economic systems: –Traditional economy—barter system –Command economy-economy determined by the central government –Market economy-free enterprise— capitalism –Mixed economy-combination of command and market

Wally Points…  Which of the following levels of economic activity most closely describes the US economy?  Primary activities-the gathering of raw materials  Secondary activities-manufacturing of raw materials into a finished product  Tertiary activities-providing business or professional services  Quaternary activities-provide information, management and research services

Natural Resources  Renewable-can be replaced through natural processes  Non-renewable-cannot be replaced or very slow to replace  Inexhaustible energy sources-sun, geothermal heat, winds and tides

What does GNP refer to?  Per capita income—average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit  Gross National Product—total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year  GDP (Gross Domestic Product)— goods and services produced within a country in a year

 Georgia places ranked by per capita income  Skidaway Island, Georgia – $63,851 Skidaway Island, Georgia Skidaway Island, Georgia  Vernonburg, Georgia – $49,391 Vernonburg, Georgia Vernonburg, Georgia  Daisy, Georgia – $47,166 Daisy, Georgia Daisy, Georgia  Sandy Springs, Georgia – $45,494 Sandy Springs, Georgia Sandy Springs, Georgia  Vinings, Georgia – $45,068 Vinings, Georgia Vinings, Georgia  Dunwoody, Georgia – $43,523 Dunwoody, Georgia Dunwoody, Georgia  Berkeley Lake, Georgia – $43,439 Berkeley Lake, Georgia Berkeley Lake, Georgia  Avondale Estates, Georgia – $42,605 Avondale Estates, Georgia Avondale Estates, Georgia  Woolsey, Georgia – $42,177 Woolsey, Georgia Woolsey, Georgia  Alpharetta, Georgia – $39,432 Alpharetta, Georgia Alpharetta, Georgia

World GDP   1United States 14,264,600United States   2 Japan 4,923,761Japan   3 People's Republic of China 4,401,614People's Republic of China   4 Germany 3,667,513Germany   5 France 2,865,737France   6 United Kingdom 2,674,085United Kingdom   7 Italy 2,313,893Italy   8 Russia 1,676,586Russia   9 Spain 1,611,767Spain   10 Brazil 1,572,839Brazil