By Dr. Ghada Ahmed Lecturer of pathology Benha Faculty of Medicine

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Presentation transcript:

By Dr. Ghada Ahmed Lecturer of pathology Benha Faculty of Medicine

Part I Objectives 1- Define inflammation 2- Classify types of inflammation 3- Explain mechanism of acute inflammation 4- Enumerate the cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Definition Irritant Reaction of living tissue Aims to: 1- prevent tissue damage 2- localization of irritant 3- destruction of irritant 4- preparing for repair lymphatic cellular vascular Irritant

Irritant (types & effects)

Inflammation Acute Subacute Chronic

Acute inflammation Mild/ severe irritant Short duration Rapid tissue response Acute inflammation

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Mechanism of acute inflammation Local changes 1- Tissue destruction 2- Vascular phenomenon 3- Rx of tissue histiocytes General changes 1- changes in blood cells 6- degenerative changes 7- septicemia 5-hyperplasia of draining LN 4- liver secretes proteins 3- loss of appetite 2- fever 8- pyemia

1- Local tissue destruction Injurious agent Chemical mediators Local tissue destruction

2. Local Vascular phenomenon Dilatation of lymphatic vessels Transient VC VD Stasis Inflammatory exudate Dilatation of lymphatic vessels

Fluid exudate: = inflammatory extravascular fluid capillary HP cap permeability tissue OP Cellularity Sp gravity Protein content (fibrinogen- clot)

Fluid exudate

Function of fluid exudate Formation of fibrin network Dilutes bacterial toxins Brings antibodies to destruct irritant

N.B: Chemotaxis & Phagocytosis Inflammatory exudate Cellular Margination Migration Activation Diapedesis Fluid N.B: Chemotaxis & Phagocytosis

Cellular exudate

Function of cellular exudate PNLs enzymes attak, phagocytose, kill the organism Later : phagocytosis by macrophages

Attraction of leucocytes towards the irritant by chemotactic factors Chemotaxis Attraction of leucocytes towards the irritant by chemotactic factors

Phagocytosis Ingestion and destruction of foreign body and bacteria by phagocytic cells

2. Local Vascular phenomenon Dilatation of lymphatic vessels Transient VC VD Stasis Inflammatory exudate Dilatation of lymphatic vessels

3. Local reaction of tissue hiseocytes By macrophages: Proliferate Phagocytosis: dead bacteria, necrotic debris Clean the area of inflammation

Part II Objectives 1- Explain mechanism of acute inflammation 2- Define chemical mediators and discuss their role in acute inflammation 3- Discuss the fate of acute inflammation 4- Classify then discuss types of acute inflammation

Mechanism of acute inflammation Local changes 1- Tissue destruction 2- Vascular phenomenon 3- Rx of tissue histiocytes General changes 1- changes in blood cells 6- degenerative changes 7- septicemia 5-hyperplasia of draining LN 4- liver secretes proteins 3- loss of appetite 2- fever 8- pyemia

Cells of Acute inflammation PNLs Macrophages RBCs Pus cells

Chemical mediators of acute inflammation Chemical factors derived from plasma and cells (e.g. PNLs, monocytes, endoth cs, macrophages, fibroblasts) Found as precursors in inactive forms. Inflammatory stimulus triggers their release, activation, de novo synthesis Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells

Chemical mediators of acute inflammation Examples: PGs: VD, fever, pain Histamine, serotonin: increased permeability C5a: increased permeability, chemotaxis Cytokines: chemotaxis, leukocyte activation Lysosomal enz of PNLs & macrophages: tissue damage

Fate of acute inflammation Resolution Spread Chronicity

Quiz Mark TRUE or FALSE: 1- Histamine release causes increased capillary permeability. 2- Diapedesis is an energy-dependent process. 3- Acute inflammation is a rapid tissue response against severe irritants only. 4- Opsonization is covering leucocytes with opsonin to target it for phagocytosis.

Acute inflammation Suppurative Localized Diffuse Non-suppurative

Suppurative inflammation Definition: Acute inflammation chch by PUS formation Cause: Pyogenic organism (staph, strept,……)

Suppurative inflammation Chch of pus Composition of pus

Localizes suppurative inflammation (Abscess ) Definition Sites Cause

Pathogenesis of abscess

Pathogenesis of abscess opening Cavity containing pus Pyogenic membrane

Complications of abscess Chronicity Spread Complications of healing

Complications of abscess healing keloid

Furuncle (boil) Carbuncle Diabetes

Diffuse suppurative inflammation Cellulitis Definition Sites Cause Differs from abscess….

Complications of diffuse suppurative inflammation Spread Acute Lymphangitis Acute Lymphadenitis Thrombophlebitis Septicaemia

Non-suppurative inflammation Types: (according to features of exudate) 1- Catarrhal infl. 2- Membranous infl. 3- Fibrinous 4- Serous 5- Serofibrinous infl. 6- Hemorrhagic 7- Necrotizing 8- Allergic

Catarrhal inflammation Definition: Sites Morphology Fate

Catarrhal inflammation

Membranous (pseudomembranous) inflammation Definition Examples Pathogenesis Morphology Complications Exotoxin

Membranous (pseudomembranous) inflammation

Part III Objectives 1- classify then discuss types of acute inflammation 2- define chronic inflammation, its causes, features and types 3- compare between acute and chronic inflammation

Non-suppurative inflammation Types: (according to features of exudate) 1- Catarrhal infl. 2- Membranous infl. 3- Fibrinous 4- Serous 5- Serofibrinous infl. 6- Hemorrhagic 7- Necrotizing 8- Allergic

Fibrinous inflammation Serous inflammation Serofibrinous inflammation

Serofibrinous inflammation

Serofibrinous inflammation

Hemorrhagic infl. Necrotizing infl. Allergic infl.

Non-suppurative inflammation Types: (according to features of exudate) 1- Catarrhal infl. 2- Membranous infl. 3- Fibrinous 4- Serous 5- Serofibrinous infl. 6- Hemorrhagic 7- Necrotizing 8- Allergic

Chronic inflammation

Chronic inflammation Prolonged duration Active inflammation Tissue destruction Attempts of healing

Chronic inflammation When???? Persistent infections: Acute infl. fail to cure Repeated acute infl. Start de novo (T.B.) Prolonged exposure to toxic agents Autoimmunity

Morphology of chronic inflammations Tissue destruction Blood vessels Fluid exudate Cellular exudate

Cells of chronic inflammation Esinophils Lymphocytes Plasma cells Giant cells Fibroblasts

Microscopic picture of chronic inflammation EAO EAO Perivascular infiltrate

Microscopic picture of chronic inflammation (cellular exudate)

Chronic inflammation (granuloma) Specific Non-specific

Compare between acute & chronic inflammation Onset Sudden Gradual Duration Short Prolonged Vascular phenomenon Present Slight/ absent Cardinal signs Cells PNLs, pus cs, macrophages Lymphocytes, plasma cs, macrophages, giant cs, fibroblasts Bl.vessels Thin, dilated, congested EAO