Think About 1.What might cause you to decide to leave the United States for another country? 2.Where would you go? 3.Why?

Motives to Migrate Push-Pull Factors and Regions of Dislocation

Voluntary Migration Push Factors –What makes a person leave a place Pull Factors –What makes a place attractive to new migrants

Push Factors Economic –Poverty –Unemployment Political –Repression –Losing side

After the Civil War, over 1,000 confederate families left the US and went to… Brazil!

Push Factors Armed Conflict and War –Refugees Environmental Conditions –Drought –Disaster Culture –Religion –Language

Environmental Push Irish Potato Famine, 1840s Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004

Cultural Push Muslims leave India after 1947 Partition

Forced Migration Involuntary Economic –Slavery Ethnic Cleansing –Eugenics –“Purity”

Ethnic Cleansing, 1940s Redrawn borders after WWII –Poles displace Germans –Germans displace Poles

Ethnic Cleansing, 1990s Bosnian War Former Yugoslavia Bosnians Croats Serbs 100,000 killed 1.8 Million displaced

Before and After

Trail of Tears Forcible removal of Cherokee from Carolinas to Oklahoma in 1838 Over 4,000 die en route

Pull Factors Opportunity Security Kinship Links –Chain Migration

Chain Migration Link 1: Immigrant arrives in new place Link 2: Encourages family and friends to come Link 3: Others in home community have place to go Link 4: New community is created in new land Link 5: Process reinforced in “virtuous cycle”

Chain Migration Russian immigrants to NYC more concentrated due to chain migration Irish immigrants more diffuse – longer history in US 1910

Critical Thinking How has US immigration policy encouraged chain migration?

Major Migrations

Regions of Dislocation Three major regions Sub-Saharan Africa Tutsi-Hutu Conflict –Rwanda –The Congo (Zaïre) –Burundi

Sub-Saharan Africa Darfur –Arab Muslims v. African Muslims –Genocide –Refugees throughout region Somalia –Lawless –Spilling over to neighbors

North Africa/Southwest Asia Israeli-Palestinian conflict Lebanon Iraq/Afghanistan

Pakistan –Mostly refugees from Afghanistan Sri Lanka –Civil war –Tamils South Asia

Other Areas Southeast Asia –Vietnam War –Burma Europe –Former Yugoslavia South America –Colombia

Thinking Critically What factors need to be considered when repatriating refugees?