Migration Push factor Pull factor Migration chains Drive away people Attract people Migration chains

Migration of Peoples Prehistoric Europe to the Americas African diaspora Europe to Asia & Oceania Europe to Africa Indian Overseas Chinese

Prehistoric Migrations

European Migrants in 19th Century

African Diaspora

African-American migrations 1940-1950 (left) and 1980-1990 (below).

Migration Today 2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth Characteristics Many poor, uneducated, unskilled Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity Many also highly educated and skilled Refugees 1951 Geneva convention Asylum Darfur Refugees, Sudan, 2004

World Refugee Population, 2002 Source: U. N World Refugee Population, 2002 Source: U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

International Migration Increased apprehension in receiving countries “Compassion fatigue” Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises Emigration Importance of remittances Mexico = 3rd largest source of foreign exchange

International Migration Europe as a destination 16 million immigrants 7-10 percent of host country population Problems = religion, education Contributions = entrepreneurs Migration of Asians 4-5 million work abroad Remittances important Loss to home communities

Migration to the US and Canada Largest migration flow in world is to US 10% US population foreign born Immigration quotas restrict immigration Implications Hispanics as proportion of US population Canada 18.4 percent population foreign born 94 percent live in metro areas Asian Hispanic

Source of US Immigrants

Source of US Immigrants

Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998 Source: INS. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s) About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart. Source: US INS. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %) Male Female Age Male Female Source: US Census Bureau, 2000. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

New Controversies Additional costs for public services? Importing poverty? Local costs of immigration California “Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”?

Interregional Migrations U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east complements increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

Intraregional Migrations in U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization Developed Countries: suburbanization automobiles and roads ‘American Dream’ better services counterurbanization idyllic settings cost of land for retirement slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico