Migration

 Emigration - leaving one's native country or region to settle in another permanently  Emigrants are the ones who consider the push factors when wanting to leave their native land

 Immigration – is the permanent movement of people into a region, territory or nation.  Immigrant – is a person who moves to a new country with the intention of settling there --> pull factors help make decision

PUSH FACTORS- reasons to leave PULL FACTORS - reasons to move to a country  Not enough jobs  Few opportunities  "Primitive" conditions  Political fear  Poor medical care  Not being able to practice religion  Loss of wealth  Natural Disasters  Death threats  Slavery  Pollution  Poor housing  Poor chances of finding courtship  Job opportunities  Better living conditions  Political and/or religious freedom  Enjoyment  Education  Better medical care  Security  Family links  Better chances of finding courtship

 A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area.  Settlers are generally people who take up residence on land and cultivate it.  Settlers are sometimes termed "colonists" or "colonials."

 Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people.

 Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one area to another (local, regional, national, international)

 On avg. 2 million people move from 1 country to another per year  According to IOM (International Organization for Migrants) there are 214 million international migrants worldwide (equivalent to the world’s 5th largest country - Brazil)  Migrants represent 3.1 of global population Migration Trends

 Women account for 49% of all migrants  remittances account for 444 billion worldwide --> 338 billion went to developing countries  million unauthorized migrants (illegal) worldwide (rep % of migrant population)  26 million displace persons in ~ 52 countries as a result of conflict  16 million refugees Migration Trends

 Asian immigrants has  from 28.1 million in 1970 to 43.8 million in 2000  During same period Asia’s share of global migrant stock  from 34.5% to 25%  Africa  in its share of international migrants from 12% in 190 to 9% in 2000  Latin America & Caribbean  from 7.1% to 3.4% Global Trends

 Europe  22.9 to 18.7%  Oceania  3.7% to 3.3  North America  in immigrant population from 15.9% in 1970 to 23.3%  USSR  from 3.8% to 16.8% (redefinition of border not actual movement of people)  75% of all international migrants are in 28 countries Global Trends

1. Voluntary 2. Involuntary 3. Ecological 4. Illegal Types of Migration

 VOLUNTARY MIGRATION – decision to move made by own free will  Included in this group are people: looking for better jobs, trying to unit a family or for studying purposes  Economic migration --> from poor to reach countries --> eg. For every American worker who moves to Mexico 6 Mexican workers move to the US VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

 European expansion to temperate areas such as United States, Canada, and Australia in times of prosperity and opportunity --> colonization  Ontario residents moving to British Columbia for a perceived more relaxed way of life and climate VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

 SEASONAL MIGRATION – movement of people from their home, from a definite or temporary period of time, for employment or recreation.  retired Canadians relocating to Florida for the winter months  students studying abroad  migrant workers from the Mexico & Caribbean working on Canadian farms during the summer  young people working at ski resorts like Whistler.

 TEMPORARY MIGRATION – a short term movement of people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives.  Examples include: Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar  Hong Kong residents leaving the country in anticipation of political change in 1999.

 INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION – movement of people against their will  Ex. slavery to fulfill European objectives, late nineteenth-century labor movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations  ethnic cleansing occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish population in areas controlled by the Nazi Germany populations  Human trafficking INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

 Movement due to deterioration of natural environment ( > 60 million people forced to move due to deterioration of land)  War, persecution, human rights abuses  > 50 million refugees and displaced persons INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

REFUGEES

ORIGIN OF REFUGEES

Involves movement of people because something they depend upon for life disappears or moves out of their environment Ex. degrading soil, disappearing vegetation, drought, rising sea levels, natural disasters EARTHQUAKE IN ITALY ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION

 Movement of people without approval of immigration laws  People want to improve economic opportunities and from the desire of a country to limit access (illegal immigration exists only if there are laws to prevent migration) ILLEGAL MIGRAITON

For example, migrants from China have tried to enter Canada illegally à some hidden in hulls of decaying cargo ships Mexicans have avoided border patrols and illegally entered the southern U.S. (6-12 million illegal aliens in U.S. from Mexico) People from Bangladesh have crossed the border into India for better standard of living ILLEGAL MIGRATION

Most migrants move from developing countries to developed countries (better standard of living) Most migrants migrate to cities (50 million have already moved from rural areas to cities, 1.5 million people migrate to world’s largest cities each year Trends in Migration

1. Most migrants move to cities 2. Developing countries --> movement is from within the country (rural to urban) or from other periphery or near core countries --> these countries attract few migrants from developed world How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

Developed countries: attract migrants from other countries (most of rural to urban migration has already occurred) migration to Core & New Core countries comes from both developed and developing countries migrants from Periphery & Near core countries are usually the rich, educated, and skilled (Brain Drain) migrants from Periphery & Near countries that are not well off are refugees (refugees can come from any socio-economic group)

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city Developing countries --> large # of migrants put a strain of services (health, sanitation, housing), may cause increase in unemployment, crime, overcrowding, etc. Developed countries --> influence of different cultures influence the character of a city -->restaurants, stores, places of worship, clubs, etc. older areas of city (inner city) become new homes for new immigrants (ghetto enclave) i.e. James Street North in Hamilton --> home to Italians, Portuguese, Asians

Migration has had a significant effect on world geography  It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures  It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication.

 changes in population distribution  demographic consequences : migrants are mostly young and in productive age --> what is the impact  demographic crisis – population ageing  economic results - which are of the greatest importance for the development of the countries.

 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ; established December 14, 1950) is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.  Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.  Repatriation (re-pa-tri-ation)- is the process of return of refugees or soldiers to their homes

 The agency is mandated to lead and co- ordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide.  Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees.  It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.

As of 1 January 2007, UNHCR reported a total of individuals falling under its mandate.  in Asia, of which  in the Middle-East  in South-East Asia  in Central Asia  in South Asia  in East Asia and the Pacific  in Europe, of which  in Eastern Europe  in South-East Europe  in Central Europe and in the Baltic states  in Western Europe

 in Africa, of which  in Central Africa and the Great Lakes region  in Eastern Africa  in Western Africa  in the Southern African region  in North Africa  in America, of which  in North America and in the Caribbean  in South America