Migration Part I

TYPES OF MOVEMENT Cyclic movement 1. Circulation: short term, repetitive (e.g.: commuting to work and back) 2. Seasonal movement: (e.g.: college students, “snow birds”) 3. Nomadism 4. Transhumance: pastoral farming (moving sheep from higher pastures to lower pastures and visa versa)

What type of cyclic movement is shown by each picture?

TYPES OF MOVEMENT CON’T Periodic movement 1. Migrant labor (e.g.: guest workers in Europe) 2. Military service (e.g.: training camp to a base to another base…) Migrant labor during the Great Depression

TYPES OF MOVEMENT CON’T C. Migratory movement 1. Types of migratory movement a. Emigration: leaving b. Immigration: going into (or going “IMto” ) 2. Measuring migratory movement a. Net in-migration = immigrants are greater than emigrants b. Net out-migration = emigrants are greater than immigrants

DISTANCE OF MIGRATION International or intercontinental: permanent movement from one country to another; intercontinental is within the same continent 1. Forced: The decision is made by people other than the migrant, or caused by forces outside of the control of the migrant. a. Examples: 10-12 million Africans were forcibly transferred as slaves; millions of Soviet citizens were forced to move 2. Voluntary: Decision made by migrants a. Some Europeans came to the New World; migration to the USA from Asia, Europe, Mexico

DISTANCE OF MIGRATION CON’T Internal: permanent movement within the same country 1. There is more internal migration – this makes sense if you think about the distance-decay theory (the farther away a place is, the less likely it is people will migrate to it) a. Distance decay: the number of “movers” (or in this case migrants) declines as the distance increases between the point of origin and the destination. Refugees tend to travel shorter distances; economic migrants travel greater distances. Why might this be? b. How far would you move for a job? How far would you travel for a vacation? How far would you travel for milk? c. If an intervening source of supply is available, people will generally opt for the closer supply.

Scenario #1 Scenario #2 A The closest piano store -- Denver Piano store in Denver A New piano store in Longmont C B B Berthoud Berthoud

GRAVITY MODEL – TAKE NOTES ON YOUR OWN SHEET OF PAPER The expectation of opportunity exerts “gravitational force” 2. “Opportunity” in seen as being in big places Shopping Education Employment Entertainment and culture (museums, theatres, events) Cultural expression What are some opportunities you can find in Denver that you can’t find in Berthoud?

Gravity Model Based on Newton Big things attract each other more than do small objects, and things close to each other have a stronger mutual attraction than do objects at greater distance. Attraction decreases very rapidly with even small increases in separation

Gravity Model Although spatial interaction always tends to decrease with greater distances between places, at a given distance it tends to expand with the increase in the places’ sizes. The bigger the place, the more likely you are to go there… except when it’s wicked far away. Gravity model can be used to account for many flow patterns in human geography like population migration, journeys to work or to shopping, commodity flows, etc.

DISTANCE OF MIGRATION CON’T 2. Types of internal migration a. Interregional: movement from one region of a country to another. Usually rural to urban in search of jobs b. Intraregional: movement within one region: Usually within urban areas from older cities to newer suburbs

CAUSES OF MIGRATION Push factors (things that would “push” you away from a place) 1. Economic: What are examples of economic push factors? 2. Cultural: What are examples of cultural push factors? 3. Environmental: What are examples of environmental push factors? Pull factor (things that would make you want to go to a place, or stay at a place) 1. Economic: What are examples of economic pull factors? 2. Cultural: What are examples of cultural pull factors? 3. Environmental: What are examples of environmental pull factors? Barriers/Intervening Obstacles to Migration 1. Intervening obstacle: Intervening obstacle = environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. Be careful not to confuse with distance decay. 2. Examples: immigration laws; site factors like mountains, rivers, etc; lack of money… others?

LEE’S MODEL – TAKE NOTES ON YOUR OWN SHEET OF PAPER Lee believed… Migration is a decision People assess and perceive the destination People assess the conditions where they are People look at obstacles between the point of origin and the destination People consider personal circumstances The decision to migrate = weighing the positives and negatives at the origin point with the positives and negatives at the destination point AND assessing intervening obstacles

Lee’s Model of Migration

MOVEMENT ON A MORE PERSONAL LEVEL… Individual activity space 1. In life, people have an emotional attachment to home ground (“turf”) and will defend it if necessary. This is called territoriality. a. Examples? Think about the Senior hallway… 2. On a more personal level, each of us has a personal space. This is a zone of privacy/separation from others. It’s based in part on culture and in part on physical circumstances. a. Does personal space differ from place to place? 3. Activity space: The space or area within which we move freely on our rounds of regular activity, sharing that space with others who are also going about their daily affairs. The “extended home range.” On an average day, where would you go? This is your activity space…

ACTIVITY SPACE CON’T a. Variables: 1) Stage of life: activity space increases with age, and then declines in old age 2) Mobility: Cost of travel 3) Opportunities: For example, activity space would differ in a subsistence economy b. Activity spaces may show temporary anomalies 1) birth of a child – would activity space increase or decline? 2) illness 3) new job (commuting space) 4) new community – as you become familiar with an area, would your activity space increase or decline?

MOVEMENT ON A MORE PERSONAL LEVEL CON’T B. Time and space 1. Daily activities consume time AND involve moving around in space. This limits the spatial choices we make. How? “There’s just not enough time in the day…” 2. Daily activities can be shown in a space-time graph which shows space-time paths Distance away from home

Distance away from home Using this space-time graph as a model, draw your own space-time graph for an average school day (use your own paper).

SPACE AND TIME CON’T 3. Space-time prism a. The volume of space and length of time within which our activities must be confined b. Size and shape of prism are determined by mobility; the boundaries indicate what we can accomplish in terms of space and time c. Examples: If you have to walk to school or work, sides of the prisms are steep and space available for activity is narrow. If you have a car, it takes less time to get places and the range of possible activities expands.

Which prism would probably reflect someone who had to walk a long distance to get water and then bring it back to the village? Which prism would reflect someone who has a car and drives to Denver to work?