Population Migration Population Migration (Where are people moving from and where are they moving to? Why? What are the effects of this movement?) 1

Some terms… Emigrants – people who leave a country Immigrants – people who come into a country Migration often takes place in steps. This is called ‘step-wise migration’ External migration - movement between countries Internal migration – movement within a country Urbanisation is an example of internal migration where people move from rural to urban areas. Add terms to Glossary

Migration Class Survey How many times has your family moved? What were the main 2-3 reasons for the move?

Counterflow Origin Destination Intervening Obstacles Lee’s Model of Migration Key - Push factorPush factor + Pull factor Pull factor 0 Neutral factor Neutral factor

Push-Pull Factors PushPush Factors – these are negative factors which cause people to move from their origin e.g. violence, crime, pollution PullPull Factors – these are positive factors that attract people to move to their destination e.g. education, employment opportunities (Complete the hand-out “Classifying factors”)

Intervening Obstacles Intervening Obstacles – are physical, economic, or political barriers that migrants must cross during the process of migration Examples of intervening obstacles Physical barriers – oceans, mountain ranges, deserts Cultural - language, leaving family and friends behind, cultural differences Economic – cost of airfare Political – immigration policy of country of destination, obtaining a visa Intervening Obstacles

Counter flow – This is when people return from their destination back to their point of origin – homesick, disappointed with destination, couldn’t get a job, being a tourist. Counter flow

Netherlands New Zealand Intervening Obstacles Mr and Mrs Van Kralingen Key - Push factor + Pull factor 0 Neutral factor 1.Lack of housing 2.Lack of opportunity 3.Impact of WW2 4.Overcrowding 5.Cold wet climate 1.Jobs 2.Opportunity 3.Scenic beauty 4.Warmer climate 5.No class system and equality 1.Language 2.Leaving friends and family 3.Cost of travel 4.Isolation and distance 5.Different culture 1.2 trips back for a holiday

Counterflow Origin Destination Intervening Obstacles Asian Migration – Template Key - Push factor + Pull factor 0 Neutral factor Paste into notes and complete…

Review of key terms migration migrant Source / Origin destination immigrant emigrant push pull intervening obstacles counterflow

Historical migration patterns 1. Immigration Historical migration patterns 1. Immigration Maori ( AD) European (1830’s to present) Pacific (1950’s to 1970’s) Asia (1990’s to present) For each group consider push factors that forced each group away from their home country Pull factors that attracted them to New Zealand Use the handout on NZ migration Headings

What can you tell about these two men? Where are they most likely to emigrate to? Why? Emigration destinations, Emigration

New Zealand net migration change, 2005 Make a summary statement regarding emigration in 2005.

1.Stepwise Migration In your own words describe what is meant by stepwise migration and give an example from New Zealand of this type of migration. 50yrs ago this was the usual pattern in NZ. Is it so likely to occur now?

2. Rural – Urban drift 3. Northward Drift (Urbanisation) Morrinsville - Hamilton (Population moving north) – Wellington to Auckland. South Island to North Island.

4. Intra-urban Migration a)Suburbanisation – moving to new suburbs on edge of city - Raunui (west) a)Gentrification – urban renewal of older inner city suburbs – GreOnehunga a)Commuting – daily movement to place of work - Impact of Auckland motorway d)Movement to lifestyle blocks on the urban fringe e.g. - Kaipara Harbour. (west). Clevedon ( East) Karaka (South) (movement within a city) eg…

5. Counterflows – urban to rural/southwards, retirees moving from cities - Auckland to smaller towns Cambridge, Queenstown 6. Maori Migration, initially to cities , recently to rural tribal homelands East Coast

Using the hand out map of NZ, indicate three major patterns of migration, and describe them in your own words.

New Zealand Internal Migration Trends

Northward drift Rural-urban drift Southward drift counterflow

Why do people move and what is the impact of this movement on the origin and on the destination? KEY TERMS: Rural, Urban, City, Population Distribution, Population Density

1.What has the main movement been? 2.What have been the main source and destination areas for this type of migration? 3.Give examples/statistics 4.Why have people moved? 5.What has been the impact of this migration on both the source and the destination? For each migration type at the end of the next group of slides you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. Rural to Urban Migration Construct a percentage bar graph using the data below: – 1881 Rural – 60%, Urban – 40% – 1936 Rural – 32%, Urban – 68% – 2001 Rural – 14%, Urban – 86%

Causes of Rural to Urban Migration Push Factors  Farm mechanisation and amalgamation leading to rural unemployment  Lack of higher educational facilities, fewer services and amenities  Limited social life  Closure of dairy factories, freezing works and woollen mills in rural areas leading to decline Pull Factors  Improved job prospects  Better education facilities  Better social life/entertainment for young people  Wider choice of accommodation

Consequences of Rural to Urban Migration Negative  Social problems – urban sprawl, loss of identity  Increased cost of living in cities  Unemployment in urban areas  Overcrowding of cities  Further decline in rural services Positive  Improved standard of living and access to better services and facilities  Improved work prospects

2. Northward Drift Construct THREE pie graphs using the data below  1881 North Island 45%South Island 55%  1936 North Island 50%South Island 50%  2006 North Island 75%South Island 25% This drift north has occurred both within and between the North and South Islands. The top half of the South Island has grown while the lower half has declined. (except Queenstown area) The fastest growing regions are – Queenstown –Lakes (29%) and Auckland (12%)

WHY??? Before 1900 more people lived in South Island  Railways for moving people and freight were easily built (flat plains)  Few Maoris so land was easier to buy  Land was already cleared – made farming easy  No wars with Maoris as in North Island  Gold rushes in Otago and West Coast brought money to South Island and created jobs Why did the drift North start?  Auckland port closest to international trade routes  NZ wars with Maori ended  Its warmer

Why did the drift North start?(cont.)  Kauri gumfields in Northland opened  Main trunk railway was built  Refrigeration developed in 1880’s and stimulated growth of Waikato and South Auckland dairy farming  Industry developed in Auckland bringing jobs/people  Forestry on the Volcanic Plateau from 1960  Agriculture in the Bay of Plenty from 1970  Retirees moving to warm dry areas like Tauranga  Milder climate in northern North Island  Immigrants were encouraged to settle in the North

The Ongoing Growth of Auckland 1926 just over 200,000 people lived in Auckland (15% of population) 2006 just over 1.1 million live in Auckland (33% of national population) Why move to Auckland? – family, jobs, wide range of facilities and services, universities and polytechnic institutes, medical services (5 public hospitals), recreational facilities, shopping, quality of life, wide range of accommodation

Consequences of Growth for Auckland Not enough housing, waiting lists of poor people wanting access to govt. housing Urban sprawl taking over valuable farmland e.g. Botany, Pukekohe, Bombay, Mangere Traffic congestion and air pollution Increasing difficulty in finding work Crime e.g. theft, drugs, prostitution Growing homeless or vagrant population Increasing pollution

3. Intra-urban migration Definition - Movement of people within an urban area Why move within an urban area? – Upgrade to a nicer, more suitable house – A change in family circumstances – A change of job/moving closer to work – A move to a more desirable school zone Suburbanisation (movement to outer suburbs)What has caused this trend? – 2 car family – Available space to expand – Lower cost housing – Shopping malls – NZ aim to own a home – Movement of industry to outer edge of city

Intra-urban migration (cont) Gentrification (movement of younger high income earners into older inner suburbs) The process? – Urban decay – old established suburbs become run down and deteriorate e.g. Grey Lynn, Ponsonby – Urban renewal – young people who work in city redevelop properties and add value to them – Urban infill – larger sections with a house on them are subdivided and another house or units are built in front or behind the existing home Commuting – Travel to and from domestic suburbs e.g. Manurewa to working suburbs e.g. City

Issues which have occurred in NZ due to these internal migration trends: Infill housing Traffic congestion Urban sprawl Gentrification Deprivation as some groups pushed out

4. Counter-flows Urban Rural – people moving on to lifestyle blocks North Island South Island – cheaper house prices, less crime, less racial tension Maori movement back from cities tribal homelands Retired people moving from large cities smaller towns to

5. Maori Migrations Initial movement after WW2 from tribal homelands to cities – % Maori lived in cities, % live in cities. Due to education, healthcare, entertainment, rural unemployment. Result – removed from tribal influences of elders, crime, loss of cultural values, loss of identity, gangs, drugs Since 1980’s counterdrift of Maori from cities back to tribal lands eg East Coast

New Zealand Internal Migration Trends Northward drift Rural-urban drift Rural depopulation Suburban sprawl Stepwise migration Movement within cities Recap? Locate each type on the map and give a ‘case study’ example of each.

Examination Questions Name and describe TWO internal migration trends. Give a reason for each. (2005)

With reference to Lee’s Model of Migration complete the following tasks. Use NZ as an example. Provide TWO specific examples of push factors in the area of origin Provide TWO specific examples of intervening obstacles. Describe what is meant by a counterflow and give ONE reason for this type of flow. (2003)

Counterflow Origin Destination Intervening Obstacles Lee’s Model of Migration Key - Push factorPush factor + Pull factor Pull factor 0 Neutral factor Neutral factor

Your essay topic: Due_________________ Write paragraphs describing and explaining: 1.Why people have migrated within New Zealand 2.The effect of these migrations on the places they left and the places they went to

Stepwise Migration

Use these words to complete the cloze exercise on Indian migration urbanisation healthcare males stepwise megacities destination MEDC LEDC indentured refugees Hindu migrated tsunami Pakistan labour

1. Overcrowding and congestion 2. Air and water pollution 3. Untreated waste and poor sanitation 4. Creation of shanty towns or bustees in Mumbai and Kolkata with no access to facilities e.g. water, sewage, electricity 5. Homes made of cardboard and corrugated iron 6. Widespread disease, crime and poverty 7. Changing social values and o loss of traditional values Why do Indians move? Impact on source area Impact on destination area 1. loss of most productive members of society (15-30 years of age) to the city 2. Market for goods and services shrinks in rural areas 3. Gender imbalance in villages – few young men 4. Less pressure on limited rural resources 5. Rural areas receive income from family working in the city 6. Some migrants return from the city bringing new skills and ideas Better standard of living employment education Facilities and infrastructure Provide income for families in rural villages Move from strict social controls in the rural villages

Source: K Carter 1.Write a generalisation of the trend shown in this graph 2.What percentage of the population was rural in 1970? 2000? 3.What process has caused this change? 4.What type of graph is this?

Source: L. Anderson 1.Identify three benefits experienced by the migrant to the urban area 2.Identify a disadvantage of having moved to the city 3.Identify one social/cultural change in which the older man has changed as a result of moving to the city 4.Does the cartoon indicate the move was successful or not? Why?

Source: L. Anderson 1.Why did Haji move to Mumbai? 2.How did Haji benefit from his move to Mumbai? 3.Why has Haji moved three times within Mumbai? 4.Does Haji believe that his move to the city was successful or not? Why?

Words for cloze exercise: Indian Migration Indentured labour LEDC (Less economically developed countries) Megacities Destination Migrated Labour MEDC (More economically developed countries) males stepwise Hindu Urbanisation Refugee Healthcare Pakistan