Verbs in the Polite Past Form Some Relative Time Expressions for the Past The Copular Verb in the Polite Past Form Adjectives in the Polite Past Form Indefinite Pronouns Negative Pronouns Japanese 1100-L12a Class Session 12a Chapter 8

Japanese 1100-L12a Verbs in the Polite Past Form A verb in the polite present tense is converted to the polite past tense by changing the masu and masen to mashita and masen deshita respectively: sumisu-san wa byōin ni ikimasu. sumisu-san wa byōin ni ikimasu. Mr. smith will go to the hospital. Mr. Smith went to the hospital. yamada-san wa kurasu ni ikimasen. yamada-san wa kurasu ni ikimasen deshita. Mr. Yamada will not go to class. Mr. Yamada did not go to class.

Japanese 1100-L12a Some Relative Time Expressions for the Past The following words refer to some relative time in the past: kinōyesterday ototoithe day before yesterday maebefore senshūlast week ni-shūkan-maetwo weeks ago (before) sengetsulast month ni-kagetsu maetwo months ago kyonenlast year san-nen-maethree years ago (before)

Japanese 1100-L12a The Copular Verb in the Polite Past Form The past tense of the copular verb desu is deshita. The past tense of the negative copular verb ja arimasen (or de wa arimasen) is ja arimasen deshita (or de wa arimasen deshita) Regardless of whether affirmative or negative, the past tense form of copular verb in the polite style end in deshita: ani wa kono kōkō no gakusei deshita. My brother was a student of this high school. watashi wa kono kōkō no gakusei ja arimasen deshita. I was not a student of this high school.

Japanese 1100-L12a Adjectives in the Polite Past Form Adjectives conjugate in the past tense in the polite form as shown below: i-type na-type_____________ Affirmativestem + katta desu stem + deshita furui →furu-katta desu.kirei deshita. oldIt was old.It was pretty. Negativestem + ku arimasen deshitastem + ja arimasen deshita furui → fuku arimasen deshita.kirei ja arimasen deshita. old It was not old.It was not pretty.

Japanese 1100-L12a Indefinite Pronouns Words such as something, someone, or somewhere are called indefinite pronouns; words such as nothing, nobody, or nowhere are called negative pronouns Indefinite pronouns in Japanese are generally composed of a question work plus the particle ka naniwhatnani-kasomething darewhodare-kasomeone dokowheredoko-kasomewhere itsuwhenitsu-kasometime Examples: asoko ni nanika imasu. There is something over there. asoko ni nanika imasu ka. Is there something (anything) over there.

Japanese 1100-L12a Indefinite Pronouns The particles ga and o are usually deleted when they follow an indefinite pronoun The particles ni, de, and to are usually NOT deleted when they follow an indefinite pronoun Examples: asoko ni dareka imasu ka Is there anyone (someone) over there? dareka (o) mimashita ka.dareka sono eiga o mimashita ka. Did you see anyone? Did anyone see that movie? dareka ni aimashita ka.dareka anata ni aimashita ka. Did you meet anyone?Did anyone meet you?

Japanese 1100-L12a Negative Pronouns To say nothing or not...anything, use the question word + the particle mo; the verb must be in the negative form The particles ga and o are deleted when followed by mo Other particles are usually not deleted Examples: dare mo imasen. There is no one. dare to mo hanashimasen deshita. I did not talk with anyone. nani mo tabemasen deshita. I did not eat anything. doko ni mo ikimasen deshita. I did not go anywhere.