Minerals and Rock Resources
Minerals are taken out of ore deposits What is ore? Ore – a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs and there is enough of it to be worth mining Examples: iron ore, copper ore, etc.
Examples of Metals obtained from Ores Aluminum (in bauxite rock) – vehicles Iron (in iron ore) - appliances & vehicles Metals for conductors or semi-conductors Gems, gold, and silver – jewelry Lead from galena (PbS) Copper (Cu) from malachite and azurite Zinc from sphalerite (ZnS)
When a mine will make money? Enough precious mineral in the ore World demand for the mineral Energy cost to take it out of the ground/processing Human/labor cost Distance to processing or market Environmental cost (including remediation)
Fig 12.6 a: Copper & molybdenum deposits in Americas
Types of mines Surface – when the mineral is close to the surface e.g. copper, diamond, gold, nickel, tin, zinc Underground – mineral is too deep to be mined on the surface e.g. sulfur, lead, silver
Old & abandoned mines can collapse Impacts of mines Can change the landscape completely or only a bit Old & abandoned mines can collapse Waste rock can have heavy metals in it that pollute water Processing can pollute air
Collapse of land in old copper mine, Arizona
Subsidence pits over abandoned underground coal mines in Wyoming
Bingham Canyon copper mine
Successful mine reclamation
Waste rock with harmful metals
Ekati diamond mine in NWT
Largest copper mine - SA