PSYC 200 Week #2 Literature searches and APA style

Agenda  Roll call  Collect and discuss graded assignments Essay #1 Conference #1  APA Style – review and Abstract  APA Style – Nice Body In-text citations  APA Style – Check your References

Attendance

Assignments Due  Reading assignment  Essay Assignment #1  Conference #1

Abstract  The MOST IMPORTANT paragraph in your paper. 1st point of contact for your reader.  Rules for good abstract (APA pp 26-27, 41)‏ Accurate Nonevaluative Coherent and readable concise  Word limits vary by journal: words Our class: no more than 120 words  Contents vary by article type (empirical, lit review, theory, methodological, case study).  On page 2, word Abstract centered at top, single paragraph with no indent

Literature Search Tutorial Finding what you want when you want it (like Wal-Mart).

Literature Search Basics  What is it? Process of finding previously published work the relates to or has inspired / provided background for your current work.  Why do it? You’re not the first person to have your great idea. On the shoulders of giants…  Cross-referencing

Peer-Review  What is it? A process by which scientific or scholarly work is submitted to others in the field (i.e., peers) for their criticisms and comments.  Why does it matter? Science is public Accountability Assurance

Peer-Review (cont’d)‏  Where to find peer-reviewed articles Journals Books (scholarly)‏  Where not to find peer-reviewed articles Newspapers Popular Science American Psychologist Cosmopolitan

Helping Resources  Langsdale Library Research Tutorials orials.htm orials.htm  Research Help by Discipline  Research Help for Psychology m m

The 5 Questions of Lit Search  What are you researching?  Where can you find it?  When should the articles be published?  Who wrote the articles?  Where can I find these articles?

What are you researching?  Isolate your topic or question What is the relationship between studying and test performance?  Generate key-phrases and words Study hours, study time, studying, student engagement Test score, academic performance, GPA  Pick a target phrase Study hours and test performance

Where can you find it?  There are many different search engines ResearchPort  EbscoHost (within ResearchPort)‏  There are many different databases PsycINFO, PsycArticles, SocIndex, etc.  There are many different journals

Journals and Their Ranks  Not all journals are made the same  Top-Tier Journals JAP (Journal of Applied Psychology)‏ JPSP (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)‏ Academy of Management Journal Journal of Social Psychology Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology

Journals and Their Ranks  Not-so Top Tier (but not necessarily low quality)‏ Journal of Happiness Studies Counseling and Values Journal of Applied Social Psychology Many others…

When should the article be published?  Most recent information?  Older information?  You CAN limit (in most cases) the years of publication returned in your search.

Who wrote the articles?  Often 2 – 3 important authors in a given area  Be sure to locate and/or cite their work when applicable  Authors typically write more than one article on a given topic Find one you like, and trace through their work

Where can I find these articles?  Full-text downloads  Other databases  Interlibrary loan!!!

Let’s try it out!  What are we researching?  Where can I find it?  When should they be published?  Who wrote these articles?  Where can I find these articles?  Now what?

APA Style – Nice Body In-text citations & Basic sentence style and construction

In-Text Citations  Indicate the source(s) (authors, articles, etc.) of a piece of information.  Frequently occur in the intro of a paper.  Use any time you quote, paraphrase, or otherwise use or discuss someone else’s idea in your writing.  If you don’t cite, you plagiarize (unless common knowledge).

THE COMMON KNOWLEDGE TEST To cite or not to cite…

To cite or not to cite?  The world is flat  The world is 7926 miles in diameter.  Freud is the father of modern psychology  Many people struggle with loneliness.  Taking a survey on the internet is the same as on paper. NNot cite CCite (about.com) CCite (an incorrect opinion—not fact)‏ NNot cite (unless you have a source that backs you up)‏ CCite

Components of a Citation  Author(s): Last name(s) only for citations  Year of publication:  Page number, if you are using a direct quote  If the document is not paged, give paragraph number

One Author  First use: Smith (1999) found that youth......more like to engage in substance use (Smith, 1999).  Second and subsequent use: Smith also found that However, Smith also found......are at greater risk (Smith, 1999).  First in a new paragraph: Smith (1999)...

Two Authors  First use: Nation and Heflinger (2006) define...exposed to risk factors (Nation & Hiflinger, 2006).  Subsequent use: Nation and Heflinger explain risk factors are compounded (Nation & Heflinger, 2006)‏  First use in a new paragraph: Nation and Heflinger (2006)‏

Three, Four, and Five Authors  First use: De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeek, and Engels (2006)......related to increased delinquency (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeek, & Engels, 2006)‏  Second use: De Kemp et al. (2006)......association with deviant peers (De Kemp et al., 2006)‏  Subsequent use: De Kemp et al. found that in youth (De Kemp et al., 2006).  First use in a new paragraph: De Kemp et al. (2006)...

Six or More Authors  First use: Jones et al. (2003) examined are more likely to see a difference (Jones et al., 2003)‏  Subsequent use: Jones et al. found...greater understanding (Jones et al., 2006)‏  First use in a new paragraph: Jones et al. (2003)‏

Different Sources That Could Be Confused When Shortened  Jones, Jackson, Martin, Howard, and Simms (1999)  Jones et al. (1999)‏  Jones, Madison, Howard, and Brown (1999)  Jones et al. (1999)‏  Jones, Jackson, et al. (1999)‏  Jones, Madison, et al. (1999)‏

More Than One Source ... interactions between youth and their parents (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeck, & Engles, 2006; Mount & Steinberg, 1995; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2001; Walker- Barnes & Mason, 2004).  The order of authors in parenthetical citations is alphabetical (identical to the reference page).

Secondary Sources  Citing a document implies that you HAVE READ the original work (APA, 2010)‏  Did you actually read the original reference?  Smith (1978) originally found that...is more likely (as cited in James & Andrews, 2001)‏  Don’t include Smith’s article on your reference page.

Quotations  When quoting from a source, “if the quotation comprises fewer than 40, incorporate it into text and enclose with double quotation marks” (APA, 2010, p. 170).  Quotes in the middle of a sentence have (p. #) directly after the quote

Quotations  Quotes with 40 or more words appear as an indented block.  The citation information follows the punctuation of the quote.

FORMATTING REFERENCE ENTRIES Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate,

References (p. 215+, 299, 313)‏

THE WRITING PROCESS Preparing, researching, preparing, outlining, writing, revising, etc…