Human Physiology in the Development of Performance D Session 2

By the end of today’s lesson you should: Correctly identify what you have learned from last week Correctly identify the anatomy of a long bone Correctly identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each Correctly describe the basic movement patterns Correctly identify and describe the features of a synovial joint Correctly identify the adaptations that occur in the skeleton due to exercise

Test Lets now see what you have remembered from last week Anatomical names of bones

Revision from session 1 5 main functions of the skeleton Support Protection Movement Blood Cell Production Calcium Storage

Revision from session 1 5 Types of bone Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

Structure of a Long Bone The following slide contains a diagram of a long bone The parts labelled are the most important and a brief explanation of each is provided on the following slides The terms you require to be most familiar with are: Diaphysis Epiphysis Periosteum Medullary Cavity

A Long Bone

Features of a Long Bone; Terms You Need to Know StructureDescriptionFunction DiaphysisCentre or shaft of the bone Gives bone length EpiphysisBulges or ends of the bone Allows attachment of tendons and ligaments PeriosteumTough skin like coating Protects the bone Medullary Cavity Hollow in the diaphysis of the bone Contains yellow marrow

Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms StructureDescriptionFunction CartilageWhite rubbery material Protects ends of bones and acts like a shock absorber Epiphyseal Plate Line between the diaphysis and epiphysis Where bone grows longer Bone Marrow Soft tissue which fills the medullary cavity Red bone marrow produces red blood cells yellow produces white blood cells

Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms StructureDescriptionFunction CollagenBundles of tough stringy material Strengthen bone during development Compact bone Dense rigid part of bone Gives bone it’s strength Spongy Bone Lies beneath compact bone in a criss cross appearance Allows bones to be light yet strong

Task You must now draw your own long bone The bone must be labelled with all 10 terms found in the tables above Take your time and make your drawing big and clear

Activity In your groups think about what a joint is and then make a list of all the joints you can think of in the body?

Types of Synovial Joints There are 6 basic types of Synovial joints:  Hinge joint  Ball and socket  Pivot joint  Condyloid (Ellipsoid/Ovoid) joint  Gliding joint  Saddle joint

Types of Synovial Joints Hinge joint –Joint which only allows movement in one plane –Examples:Elbow, Knee and Ankle

Types of Synovial Joints Ball and socket –Allows the widest range of movement –Examples:Shoulder and Hip

Types of Synovial Joints Pivot joint –Joint which only allows movement in one plane –Examples:Radius and Ulna below elbow joint Top 2 vertebrae in neck (cervicle)

Types of Synovial Joints Saddle joint –Joint which allows movement in two planes –Example:Metacarpal Thumb joint

Types of Synovial Joints Gliding joint –Joint where flat surfaces glide past each other (normally allow movement in two planes however may permit movement in all directions) –Examples:Carpals, Tarsals, Vertebrae

Types of Synovial Joints Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint –Joint which allows movement usually in two planes –Example:Metacarpal and 1 st phalange Radius, Ulna & Carpals (wrist)

Movement Patterns Flexion  Angle between joints is decreased  Bending action Extension  Straightening action  Angle between joints is increased Hyper Extension  Extreme extension  Usually straightening past 180º

Movement Patterns Horizontal Flexion  Bending action on horizontal plane  Angle between joints is decreased Horizontal Extension  Straightening action on horizontal plane  Angle between joints is increased

Movement Patterns Abduction  Moving away from the midline of the body Adduction  Moving towards the midline of the body

Movement Patterns Rotation  A bone turns around within it’s axis  Usually a twisting action Circumduction  A bone turns around within it’s axis to make a cone like shape

Movement Patterns Dorsi Flexion  The foot is raised upwards towards the tibia Plantar Flexion  The toes are pointed downwards

Movement Patterns Supination  Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face upwards Pronation  Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face downwards

Making Movement Patterns Specific Whenever you use a movement pattern you must make it specific to a joint Simply saying extension gives us little information If however you say knee extension then we know exactly what type of extension we are talking about More importantly where in the body you are talking about

Activity – Charades You will now be split into small groups One person in the group will volunteer to go first Each volunteer must act out the three movements on the card and it is up to those in the group to correctly name the movement patterns The volunteers will then swap Everyone will get the opportunity to act out the movement patterns to their group

Task In your small groups work out the movement patterns that are created during the exercises listed and state the joint that is involved Lift phase – when the weight/body is lifted Lower phase – when the weight is lowered/body is lowered

Structure of a Synovial Joint (Knee Joint)

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint TermDescription FemurThigh bone TibiaLower leg bone (thick) FibulaLower leg bone (fine) PatellaKnee Cap QuadricepsThigh muscle

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint TermDescription Bursa  Fluid-filled sacs, between bones, ligaments, or other adjacent structures help cushion the friction in a joint CartilageCartilage is found at the end of bones and helps reduce the friction of movement LigamentsAttach bone to bone

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint TermDescription TendonAttach bone to muscle Synovial Membrane A tissue called the synovial membrane lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule. Synovial FluidSynovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) is secreted from the synovial membrane around the joint to lubricate it.

What happens to the skeleton if you take part in sport or fitness training programme? Skeleton = Bones Ligaments Tendons In your group make a list of all the changes that you think happen to the skeleton with exercise

Adaptations to the Skeleton with Exercise Increased bone density Increased bone strength Increased strength of ligaments and tendons Increased flexibility of ligaments and tendons

You Should Now Be Able To; Identify what you have learned from last week Identify the anatomical names of the bones in the upper body Identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each Describe the basic movement patterns Identify and describe the features of a synovial joint