Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements 3.7 Trends in Periodic Properties Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Group Number and Valence Electrons For representative elements in Groups 1A–8A, chemical properties are due to the number of valence electrons. Valence electrons are the number of electrons in the outermost energy level. The group number gives the number of valence electrons for the representative elements. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Group Number and Valence Electrons Group Number # Valence Electrons 1A 1 2A 2 3A 3 4A 4 5A 5 6A 6 7A 7 8A 8 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electron-Dot Symbols Electron-dot symbols are also known as Lewis structures represent the valence electrons as dots placed on sides of symbol For example, Al = 2,8,3 Three valence electrons are represented as dots: Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electron-Dot Symbol for Mg Possible electron-dot symbols for magnesium, with the electron arrangement of 2,8,2, include 2 valence electrons, represented as dots can be drawn in more than one way Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electron-Dot Symbol for Mg Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electron-Dot Symbols for Selected Elements Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check Write the electron-dot symbol for each of the following elements: Cl, C, N. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution Write the electron-dot symbol for each of the following elements: Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Atomic Size Atomic size is determined by the atom’s atomic radius, the distance between nucleus and outermost electrons increases for representative elements from top to bottom of the periodic table decreases within a period due to increased number of protons in nucleus Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Atomic Size Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Atomic Size Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Ionization Energy Ionization energy is the energy required to remove one of the outermost electrons from an atom Na(g) + energy (ionization)  Na+(g) + e− decreases down a group, increases across a period from left to right Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Ionization Energy Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Metallic Character An element with metallic character is one that loses electrons easily. Metallic character is more prevalent in metals on left side of periodic table is less for nonmetals on right side of periodic table that do not lose electrons easily Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Metallic Character Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary of Trends in Periodic Table Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check Given the following elements: C N Cl Which is the largest atom? Which has the highest ionization energy? Which belongs to Group 5A? Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution Given the following elements: C N Cl Which is the largest atom? C Which has the highest ionization energy? Cl Which belongs to Group 5A? N Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.