New Nationalism Heightened nationalism (emergence of American literature, art, history) Expansion of army and navy Revive Bank of the United States Rebuild a newer, better capital/White House Building a national turnpike Defeating the Barbary Pirates 1815

“The American System” Tariff of 1816 – first protective tariff in US history, 20-25% of dutiable imports Henry Clay’s “American System” Strong Bank  available credit Protective Tariff  encourage manufacturing AND pay for canals and roads Canals and Roads  connect and integrate the growing country’s economy NOTE: Republicans defeated federal support for state improvements, ergo Erie Canal, etc. paid for by States

Era of Good Feelings – Really? Election of 1816: Republicans crush Federalists, 183 to 34 (see election.org) James Monroe is 8th President of the United States Monroe is the ambassador of Nationalism Monroe’s administration was called the “Era of Good Feelings” WHY? ANSWER: With no Federalists, the US seemed united

THE PANIC OF 1819 Over speculation on the frontier causes first national recession since Washington was President. Bank of United States demanded payment from Western banks  chain reaction of foreclosures, bank failures, bankruptcies, unemployment. Westerners are especially hard hit  giving rise to Jacksonian democrats Is the Era of Good Feelings over? How do you explain the election of 1820?

FACTORS DRIVING WESTWARD MIGRATION? Growing Pains out West Nine Western States added from 1791 – 1819 States admitted slave or free alternatively. WHY? FACTORS DRIVING WESTWARD MIGRATION? Immigration from the older states and from Old World Land exhaustion in tobacco states Ending Indian threat on frontier Improved roads and highways Invention of steamboat Land speculation Economic hardship  new opportunities

Western Demands Cheap acreage  Land Act of 1820 Cheap Transportation  Federal subsidies Cheap Money  “Wildcat” banks

Rush-Bagot Treaty- 1818 “The Rush–Bagot Agreement between Great Britain and the United States demilitarized the Great Lakes and defined the border between the US and Canada at the 49th parallel. Negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the Rush–Bagot Agreement eliminated some of the most contentious issues between the United States and Great Britain.”                                    http://www.historycentral.com/NN/Rush.html      

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1818 Jackson invades Spanish Florida Oregon and Florida John Quincy Adams, Sec. of State, negotiates Treaty of 1818 Established the boundary w/ Canada Est. important fishing rights off Newfoundland Est. 10 yr. Joint occupation of Oregon 1818 Jackson invades Spanish Florida under guise of pursuing “outlaws” and exceeds his “authority” from Washington, deposing Spanish governor and executing prisoners. John Q. Adams takes advantage of Jackson’s bloody zeal and forces Spain to concede Florida.

SLAVERY, SECTIONALISM, BALANCE? Debate over Missouri’s admission as a state threatens the balance of power. Missouri is the first state from the LA Territory Tallmadge amendment prohibits growth of slavery in the territory, South fears federalist intervention in South itself Seen by South as a “tipping point” – falling behind more and more Missouri Compromise is forged by Henry Clay

Missouri Compromise of 1820 A little horse-trading: Maine will be admitted as a free state Missouri will be admitted as a slave state (defeating the Tallmadge Amendment) This keeps the balance of slave:free at 12:12. Southern Boundary of Missouri set as the northernmost boundary of slavery True compromise: nobody very happy with result! Lasted for 15 years, until “Bleeding Kansas.” Despite conflict over slavery, nationalism prevails

Federalists may be dead, but FEDERALISM is alive and well!!! WEBSTER AND MARSHALL Federalists may be dead, but FEDERALISM is alive and well!!! Q: What is the legacy of Webster and Marshall? A: A strong federal government and a uniform and stable environment for business

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 ISSUE: Can the state of MD tax the national bank? (States v. Federal Government) DECISION: (Marshall) Federal government CAN create the national bank (due to implied powers) AND the state of MD CANNOT tax the bank b/c “the power to tax implies the power to destroy” & “a power to create implies a power to preserve” HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Marshall creates the legal theory of “loose constructionism” with this decision.

Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 ISSUE: The Cohens appeal decision of State Court of Virginia convicting them to Supreme Court. DECISION: Virginia Court’s decision is upheld. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Marshall establishes the Supreme Court’s right to review the decisions of State Courts. (Big blow to states’ rights!)

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 ISSUE: Can one state (NY) control interstate commerce (by granting a monopoly to a ferry company). DECISION: No, only Congress may control interstate commerce. HISTORICAL DECISION: Affirms the Constitution, power of federal government, and limits the states’ rights re: commerce.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) ISSUE: Can legislatures violate private contracts? DECISION: No. Affirmed private property rights over and against popular legislatures. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Strengthened property rights against attacks by democratic institutions

Monroe Doctrine (1823) Pres. Monroe, inspired by John Quincy Adams declares: 1. Europe may no longer colonize in the Western Hemisphere 2. Europe may no longer intervene in the Western Hemisphere Directed at monarchies in Europe, esp. Russia who were threatening American and Latin American republics. ENFORCER? Britain! Why?