Potable Water and Sanitation Issues in the Aral Sea Ayse Kudat The World Bank 1998

KAZAKHSTAN RUSSIA KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN CHINATURKMENISTAN IRAN AFGHANISTANPAKISTAN UZBEKISTAN

SOURCES OF POTABLE WATER Water Piped Water in the House (6.3%) Piped Water in the yard (13.7%) Water Pump in the yard (26.2%) Well in the yard (8.2%) Well in the street (11.6%) Piped Water next door (2%) Water Pump in the street (9.1%) Irrigation canal (10%) Natural Spring (0.2%) Well next door (8.1%) River, Lake or Pond (5%) Piped Water in the street (17.2%) Water Vendor (0.9%)

Sources of Drinking Water by Geographical Area Sea ARAL Sea Karakalpakstan Khorezm Percentage of Households

*Category “other” includes well inside yard, well in neighbor’s yard, well on the street, hand pump in the yard, hand pump outside, spring water, rivers, lakes and ponds, irrigation canal, delivered water and bottled water. Main Water Sources for Drinking and Cooking in Nukus and Urgench

Reasons of Dissatisfaction Urban AreasRural Areas

Households Who Treat Water Before Using It 92%100%98%67%85% 63%

Treatment of Vendor Delivered Water Methods of Treatment Used

Total Number of Hand Pumps Surveyed by Geographical Zone Sea ARAL Nukus Urgench 79 hand pumps20 hand pumpsN/A91 hand pumps 40 hand pumps 154 hand pumps 100 hand pumps Karakalpakstan Khorezm 16 hand pumps

Uses of Hand Pump Water Availability of Piped Water Supply in the Settlements with Hand Pumps Hand Pump Usage for Drinking Purposes in Settlements With and Without Piped Water

Hand Pump Water Salinity - in Zones Hand Pump Water Salinity - Khorezm and Karakalpakstan Average = grams/liter

Average = 9 Coli Count in Hand Pump Water - Khorezm and Karakalpakstan Coli Count in Hand Pump Water - in Zones

Health Problems in Households Depending on Water Vendors Distribution of Illnesses *Category “other” includes cancer, allergies and injury-related illnesses.

Sea ARAL Sea Total Household Income from Salary/wages by Geographical Area

Main Problems in Rural Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan Sanitation Lack of Fuel Lack of Opportunities to Make a Living Lack of Construction Materials Health Lack of Flour Water PROBLEM 23 1 % Lack of Money for Food Products

Priority Problems in Nukus and Urgench *Category “other” includes home and housing problems, dissatisfaction with job and various problems at the workplace.

Salinity Tolerance Levels Salinity of the piped water supply is at an intermediate level ( g/l) Salinity of hand pump and hand dug well water is higher (1.5- 2g/l)...however, salinity of these sources is somewhat constant throughout the year Hand pump water consumers can tolerate higher levels of salinity because of its constant nature in the ground water

Women have lower tolerance for salinity in their water

Priority Water Supply Improvement Needed in Urgench and Willingness to Make Monthly Payments for It Connection to pipeline (20%) 54.8 sums/month (3.7% of average income) Change Pipes (10%) 51.7 sums/month (3.5% of average income) Install a Filter (33.3%) 71.4 sums/month (4.87% of average income) Other Improvements* (6.6%) 120 sums/month (8.1% of average income) Install electric pump (23.3%) 45.7 sums/month (3.1% of average income) * Other improvements include increasing the pressure of water. Build a reservoir (6.6%) 17.5 sums/month (1.2% of average income)